Primary defence Barriers in Periodontal Pathogenesis (3) Adaptive

Question 1

What type of immunity do T cells provide?

Answer 1

cell-mediated

Question 2

What type of immunity do B cells provide?

Answer 2

humoral

Question 2

How are T cells activated?

Answer 2

APC

Question 3

What interleukins cause T cells to proliferate?

Answer 3

IL-2,4,6

Question 4

What is the process of Thelper cell activation?

Answer 4

When a an antigen-presenting cell activates a naïve helper T cell in a peripheral lymphoid tissue, the T cell can differentiate into either a TH1 or TH2 effector helper cell.

Question 5

TH1 cells vs TH2 cells?

Answer 5

Th1 and Th2 cells play an important role in immunity.

Th1 cells stimulate cellular immune response, participate in the inhibition of macrophage activation and stimulate B cells to produce IgM, IgG1.

Th2 stimulates humoral immune response, promotes B cell proliferation and induces antibody production (IL-4).

Question 6

What do CD4+ cells differentiate into?

Answer 6

memory

effector

Question 7

What are the 3 types of effector T cells?

Answer 7

cytotoxic

lymphokine producing

helper/suppressor

Question 8

What cell activates B cells to produce antibodies?

Answer 8

T helper cells

TH2

Question 9

What is the initial Ab to be produced?

Answer 9

IgM

pentameric

Question 10

What is the dimeric Ab? and its role?

Answer 10

IgA

defending mucosal surfaces against attack by infectious microorganisms

Question 11

What is the Ab involved in a hypersensitive response?

Answer 11

IgE

Question 12

What is the role of IgG?

Answer 12

Immunoglobin G (IgG) antibodies are produced seven to 14 days after infection, and are detectable for months and even years, depending upon the antigen and the individual

activate complement

Question 13

What is the role of IgD?

Answer 13

appears to enhance mucosal homeostasis and immune surveillance by “arming” myeloid effector cells such as basophils and mast cells with IgD antibodies reactive against mucosal antigens, including commensal and pathogenic microbes.

Question 14

What 2 factors dictate the damage bacteria cause to tissue?

Answer 14

quantity (local inflammation) and quality (virulence factors)

Question 15

What 2 factors dictate the bacterial virulence?

Answer 15

bacterial load
bacterial composition

Question 16

How does the host cause tissue damage?

Answer 16

Excessive host response can cause periodontal breakdown

Neutrophil recruitment leads to release of reactive oxygen species (free radicals) and enzymes that cause tissue damage

Host antioxidants can neutralise the free radicals, but they are not always enough.

Question 17

What is an example of a free radical?

Answer 17

ROS

Question 18

What periodontal tissues do free radicals effect?

Answer 18

bone
epithelium
connective tissue

Question 19

What is the effect of free radicals on bone?

Answer 19

reduces osteoclast apoptosis

increased differentiation of osteoclasts

reduction in osteocytes

Bone reabsorption

Question 20

What is the effect of free radicals on epithelium?

Answer 20

stimulation of Nf-kB and downstream production of pro-inflammatory cytokines

direct cell damage

recruitment and activation of neutrophils

apoptosis of endothelial cells

Question 21

What effect do free radicals have on connective tissue?

Answer 21

direct tissue damage to fibroblasts

loss of connective tissue

Question 22

What genetic factors increase host susceptibility?

Answer 22

Impaired neutrophil function

SCID

low IgA levels

defective bone and periodontal ligament

down syndrome

Question 23

What environmental factors increase host susceptibility?

Answer 23

Smoking
Poorly controlled diabetes
Poor diet

medication

Question 24

What local factors increase host susceptibility?

Answer 24

Plaque retention factors