Preventative health Flashcards
Why do we vaccinate?
PRevents disease, cretes individual animal immunity and provides herd immunity
Who organises the vaccination guidelines?
WSAVA vaccincation guidelines 2016
What are core vaccinations for dogs
Canine distemper virus, canine adenovirus and canine parvovirus.
C3
Potentially fatal diseases
Vaccination offers good protection (sterile immunity)
Maternal antibodies interfere with vaccine-induced immunity
Modified live vaccine (MLV)
What are core vaccinations for cats?
Feline parvovirus, feline calicivirus and feline herpesvirus
What are the most common types of vaccinations sin small animal practices?
subcutaneous and intranasal
What are methods of vaccinations?
Other methods
Oral
Intramuscular
Intradermal
Transdermal
What is the difference between core and non core vacciantions
Core
- Protect animals from severe, life threatening
diseases which have global distribution
- Aim to vaccinate ALL dogs with core vaccines
- Rabies is considered core where regionally
appropriate
non-core
Those required by animals whose geographical
location, local environment or lifestyle places them
at risk of contracting specific infections
What are the symptoms for canine distemper virus?
Coughing/dyspnoea
Vomiting/diarrhoea
Hyperkeratosis
- nose and footp`ads
Enamel hypoplasia
What are the symptoms for parovirus?
Vomiting/diarrhoea +/
- blood
Anorexia
Reduced White Blood Cells
Destroyed intestinal lining
What are symptoms for canine hepatitis?
Fever
Enlarged liver
Icterus/Jaundice
‘Blue eye’
Pneumonia
when is the recommended time to give
1. distemper and hepatitis
2. parvovirus
- 14-16 weeks
- 18 weeks
important to get in the window o f susceptibility when maternal antibodies decrease to a point they no longer protect the puppy
What are non-core vaccincations?
Infectious Tracheobronchitis = Kennel Cough = Canine Cough
- Parainfluenza (C3 + PI = C4)
- Bordetella bronchiseptica (C4 + BB = C5)
= C5
Leptospira interrogans
Many serovars (up to 200 worldwide)
- Serovars available in vaccines
- copenhagi, canicola, icterohaemorrhagica
- vs serovar L. Australis (FNQ)
Coronavirus
- Mild, self limiting disease in young puppies
= C7 (C5 + lepto + CV = C7)
Kennel cough is a non-core vaccination, what types of vaccines are there?
- Bordetella modified live vaccine = delivered intranasally and orally
- Bordetella killed vaccine = delivered by subcutaneous injection (two doses required)
When should the following modified live vaccinations be given?
DHP (CS)
DHP + KC (C5)
DHP (C3)
DHP (C3)+ KC(C5) - booster
6 – 8 weeks – DHP (C3)
10 – 12 weeks – DHP + KC (C5)
16 weeks – DHP (C3)
3 or 4 doses finishing at 16 weeks
15 months – DHP (C3) + KC (C5)
- This booster acts to complete the primary vaccination course
- OR booster DHP (C3) at 6 months
- ‘mops up’ the non responders affected by maternal antibodies etc in
primary course
When do you give adult dogs modified live vaccines?
6 or 15 months - DHP +KC (C5)
then 6 monthly to annual KC and 3 yearly DHP
What is LEPTO?
zoonotic disease - potentially fatal as dialysis is often required
annual vaccination but has adverse reactions
Vaccine only offers serogroup specific protection
What are side effects can animal get from vaccinations? amd how can you prefer this
anaphylactic reactions
solutions is to give C3 to small puppies instead of C4 or C5
avoid injectables PI/BB and use intranasal
risk of Immune mediated diseases
which parasites do we routine protect against?
Intestinal Worms
- Roundworm
- Hookworm
- Whipworm
- Tapeworm
Heartworm
Fleas
WHy are ticks, mites and lice no included in the routine protection?
based on geography, age, husbandry, exposure
What are the clinical signs and lifecycles of hookworm?
Diarrhoea +/- blood
- Vomiting
- Anaemia
2-3weeks
What are the clinical signs and lifecycles of roundworm?
- Vomiting
- Diarrhoea
- Ill thrift
- Small intestinal obstruction
2-4 weeks
What are the clinical signs and lifecycles of tapeworm?
- Scooting
- Proglottids in faeces
- Large infestations can cause
vomiting - Potentially zoonotic
2-3weeks
What are the clinical signs and lifecycles of whipworm?
- Asymptomatic
- Haemorrhagic diarrhoea +/- mucous
- Severe cases- weight loss,
dehydration, anemia, and in the most
extreme cases, death
10-12 weeks
When should intestinal worming be done?
Puppies
- Worm every 2 weeks until 12 weeks old
- Worm every month until 6 months old
6 months
Traditional recommendation:
- Worm every 3 months
Pregnant & Lactating Bitches
-Vaccinate prior to breeding
- Worm for roundworm & hookworm at week 5-7
of gestation, then 2 weeks after whelping
What are the clinical signs of heartworm?
Clinical Signs (Dogs)
- Coughing
- Difficulty Breathing
- Congestive Heart Failure
- Collapse/Shock/Death
How is heartworm diagnosed?
Modified Knotts - Microfilariae
Antigen vs Antibody
What is the lifecycle of fleas?
eggs to larvae - 4 days
larvae - to pupae - 24 days
pupae - adult - adult
What are important factors to be discussed with clients?
Geographical location
Seasonal
Lifestyle eg environment
daily tick search and removal \
clinical signs
What factors vary the requirements?
Breed
Sex
Age
Activity Level
How many times does a puppy require food? below 6 months and above 6 months
below 6 months = 3-4times per day
above 6 months = twice per day
What type of food should be given to puppy?
- High quality, complete and balanced commercial puppy food
- Large breed puppies should be fed specific large breed puppy food- impact on
joint development - If changing food- slowly transition over 7 day
How often should an adult dog be fed?
12-15 months - twice daily
What are the pros spaying a bitch at early, standard or late stage0
Early
- Reduce unwanted
breeding/pet population - Possibly reduced risk of
mammary neoplasia - Reduced behaviour
problems
standard (benefits of of above, PLUS below)
- Lower anaesthetic risk cf.
early age - Reduced incidence of
reproductive disorders eg
pyometra - Reduction in incidence of
certain neoplasias
Late
- Reduction in risk of
certain neoplasias
- Possible reduction in
incidence of orthopaedic
conditions
What are the cons to spaying a bitch at early, standard or late stage
Early
- Increased incidence of
incontinence
- Increased anaesthetic risk
-Possible increased risk or
orthopaedic conditions
standard
- Slight increase incidence of
incontinence
- Increase risk of certain
neoplasias
-Possible increased risk or
orthopaedic conditions
late
-Increased risk of certain
neoplasias
-Possible increased risk or
orthopaedic conditions
What are the pros to castration a dog at early, standard or late stage
early
Reduce unwanted
breeding/pet population
Reduced behaviour
problems
standard
Reduce unwanted
breeding/pet population
Lower anaesthetic risk cf.
early age
Reduced incidence of
reproductive disorders eg
prostatitis
? Reduction in incidence of
certain neoplasias
Reduced behaviour
problems
late
Reduction in risk of
certain neoplasias
Possible reduction in
incidence of orthopaedic
conditions
What are the cons to castration a dog at early, standard or late stage
early
Increased anaesthetic risk
? Possible increased risk or
orthopaedic conditions
standard
* ? Increase risk of certain
neoplasias
* ? Possible increased risk or
orthopaedic conditions
late
? Increased risk of certain
neoplasias
? Possible increased risk or
orthopaedic conditions
What are core vaccinations for cats?
F3 = core vaccines in Australia
Feline Calicivirus
Feline Herpes virus
Feline Panleukopaenia Virus
What are non-core vaccinations for cats?
Chlamydophila + F3 = F4
Feline Leukaemia +F4 = F5
Feline Immunodefiniciency Virus
What is chlamydophila felis?
primarily causing inflammation of feline conjunctiva, rhinitis and respiratory problems
Non-core
Inactivated vaccine
Most appropriately used in multi-cat households where infections associated with clinical
disease have been confirmed
Initial dose as early as 9 weeks then second dose 3-4 weeks later
Annual booster for cats with sustained risk
What is feline leukaemia virus?
when should it be administered?
Non-core
Only FeLV-negative cats should be vaccinated
FeLV testing prior to vaccination should be performed
Initial dose as early as 8 weeks then second dose 3-4 weeks later
Annual booster in cats determined to have sustained risk of exposure
Relative protection
What is feline immunodeficiency virus? and does it protect all cats?
Non-core vaccination
Vaccination leads to production of antibodies that
make it difficult to distinguish naturally-infected cats
from vaccinated cats for at least a year following
vaccination – this is improving with improved testing
capacity
Vaccination does not protect all cats
Mutation, subtypes, variable cross-protection
Consider exposure, incidence and conversion of FIV +
status to clinical disease status
What are the vaccination guidelines for kittens?
3 vaccine program
3-4 weeks apart after 6-8 weeks old SC
8, 12 and 16 weeks old
Final dose at 16+ weeks
Whar are the vaccination guidelines for kittens at 6 months?
6 months- F3 Booster (+ Non core vaccines)
This booster acts to complete primary vaccination course
OR booster F3 at 15 months
‘mops up’ the non responders affected by maternal antibodies etc in primary course
When should adult cats be vaccinated?
and what about older cats?
Modified Live vaccinations
- 3 yearly (off label) – MLV only – low risk cats (FHV & FCV)
OR
- Tricat (F3) – 3 yearly
- Ducat (FCV & FHV annually)
Annual for killed vaccines ( or MLV if going to catteries)
high risk – within 3 months
only 1 dose (if using MLV vaccines) for FPV
two doses for FHV/FCV or killed F3
What are the diet guidelines for cats?
< 6 months
> 6 months
- < 6months – three to four times per day or ‘ad lib’
- > 6 months – twice per day
when should cats be desexed?
Cats can begin reproducing from 4 months of age!
* Early age desexing vs standard 5-6 months
* Minimum 8 weeks old and 1kg in body weight
