Preventative Care & The Immune Response Flashcards
Define Immunity
resistance to a pathogen
Which lymph-nodes are first to react to disease/injury?
The ones closest to the site
Innate vs Adaptive Immunity
Innate: No memory and unspecified response
Adaptive: Has memory, specialized response
Bursa of Fabricius
In birds, located near cloaca, B-cell production in early life but is smaller in adult birds
External Innate Immune Responses
- body coverings (mucus)
- pH on body surfaces
- mucus secreted along tracts
- coughing/sneezing
- normal microflora
- respiratory cilia
Internal Innate Immunity Responses
- acute inflammation
- early detection of invading organisms/damaged tissue
What do anti-microbial peptides do?
They bind to and kill invading bacteria inside the body
Types of antimicrobial peptides
Defensins
Lysozyme
Haptoglobin
Defnsins
Detergent-like molecule that destroys bacteria walls
Lysozyme
Enzyme that kills many gram-positive bacteria
Haptoglobin
Iron-bonding protein that prevents bacterial growth by depriving them of essential iron supplies
Compliment system features
- proteins made in the liver
- Act in multiple ways to destroy molecule
- they are activated by the presence of microbes
Adaptive immune system characteristics
- automatic system
- response is adapted to the proportion of the threat
- cells created hang around as memory cells that can make antibodies needed for next time
Humoral immunity
acts against extracellular invaders
Cell-mediated immunity
Destroys the cell that the pathogen is living in
Antigen
Foreign particle that induces an immune response
Antibody
Protein that binds to antigen to “tag” them to be destroyed
What are the types of lymphocytes?
B-Cells
T-Cells
What do B-cells produce?
Antibodies
What do plasma cells produce?
Anitbodies
What do Memory B-cells do?
They hang around in lymphoid tissue and have memory of the disease which improves immune response the next time the host is infected.
What do T-cells do?
They are responsible for the cell-mediated response
What are antibodies composed of?
Immunoglobulin proteins
What are the immunoglobulins?
IgG
IgM
IgA
IgE
IgD
What are cytotoxic t-cells?
They are cells that bind to target cells and express antigens and inject them with granzymes that trigger apoptosis
What is one of the top causes of neonatal mortality?
Failure of passive transfer
Natural Passive Immunity
From mom to baby though placenta or colostrum
Natural Active Immunity
Getting infected and creating memory cells
Artificial Passive Immunity
Antibody transfer
Artificial Active
Getting vaccinated
Protective vs Sterilizing Immunity
may protect you from signs but not from illness
Vaccine Categories
Modified Live (attenuated)
Killed (inactivated)
Toxoid
Modified live vaccines
- live virus with less virulence than disease-causing pathogen
- long-term immunity but carries risk of disease
Killed vaccines
- Virus is killed but retains antigens that can be recognized
- cant cause disease but has a shorter length of protection
- has to be delivered with an adjuvant (used to boost immune response)
Toxoid vaccines
- inactivated toxin that promotes an immune response against a bacterial toxin
- cant cause disease but requires adjuvant
What to consider when making a vaccine program
- What vaccines are available
- Route of administration
- Signalment/history of the animal
- Understanding the pathogen
Are vaccines 100% effective?
NO
What causes vaccine failure?
- poor vaccine quality
- inappropriate handling
- ineffective administration
- interference from maternal antibodies
- immunosuppression in the host
- overwhelming exposure to pathogen
What causes vaccine failure?
- poor vaccine quality
- inappropriate handling
- ineffective administration
- interference from maternal antibodies
- immunosuppression in the host
- overwhelming exposure to pathogen
What causes rabies?
Rhabdovirus
What are signs of rabies
CNS signs: incoordination, excessive chewing, hydrophobia
Is rabies fatal?
yes, 100%
