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Animal Diseases > Preventative Care & The Immune Response > Flashcards

Preventative Care & The Immune Response Flashcards

1
Q

Define Immunity

A

resistance to a pathogen

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2
Q

Which lymph-nodes are first to react to disease/injury?

A

The ones closest to the site

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3
Q

Innate vs Adaptive Immunity

A

Innate: No memory and unspecified response
Adaptive: Has memory, specialized response

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4
Q

Bursa of Fabricius

A

In birds, located near cloaca, B-cell production in early life but is smaller in adult birds

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5
Q

External Innate Immune Responses

A
  • body coverings (mucus)
  • pH on body surfaces
  • mucus secreted along tracts
  • coughing/sneezing
  • normal microflora
  • respiratory cilia
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6
Q

Internal Innate Immunity Responses

A
  • acute inflammation
  • early detection of invading organisms/damaged tissue
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7
Q

What do anti-microbial peptides do?

A

They bind to and kill invading bacteria inside the body

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8
Q

Types of antimicrobial peptides

A

Defensins
Lysozyme
Haptoglobin

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9
Q

Defnsins

A

Detergent-like molecule that destroys bacteria walls

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10
Q

Lysozyme

A

Enzyme that kills many gram-positive bacteria

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11
Q

Haptoglobin

A

Iron-bonding protein that prevents bacterial growth by depriving them of essential iron supplies

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12
Q

Compliment system features

A
  • proteins made in the liver
  • Act in multiple ways to destroy molecule
  • they are activated by the presence of microbes
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13
Q

Adaptive immune system characteristics

A
  • automatic system
  • response is adapted to the proportion of the threat
  • cells created hang around as memory cells that can make antibodies needed for next time
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14
Q

Humoral immunity

A

acts against extracellular invaders

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15
Q

Cell-mediated immunity

A

Destroys the cell that the pathogen is living in

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16
Q

Antigen

A

Foreign particle that induces an immune response

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17
Q

Antibody

A

Protein that binds to antigen to “tag” them to be destroyed

18
Q

What are the types of lymphocytes?

A

B-Cells
T-Cells

19
Q

What do B-cells produce?

A

Antibodies

20
Q

What do plasma cells produce?

A

Anitbodies

21
Q

What do Memory B-cells do?

A

They hang around in lymphoid tissue and have memory of the disease which improves immune response the next time the host is infected.

22
Q

What do T-cells do?

A

They are responsible for the cell-mediated response

23
Q

What are antibodies composed of?

A

Immunoglobulin proteins

24
Q

What are the immunoglobulins?

A

IgG
IgM
IgA
IgE
IgD

25
Q

What are cytotoxic t-cells?

A

They are cells that bind to target cells and express antigens and inject them with granzymes that trigger apoptosis

26
Q

What is one of the top causes of neonatal mortality?

A

Failure of passive transfer

27
Q

Natural Passive Immunity

A

From mom to baby though placenta or colostrum

28
Q

Natural Active Immunity

A

Getting infected and creating memory cells

29
Q

Artificial Passive Immunity

A

Antibody transfer

30
Q

Artificial Active

A

Getting vaccinated

31
Q

Protective vs Sterilizing Immunity

A

may protect you from signs but not from illness

32
Q

Vaccine Categories

A

Modified Live (attenuated)
Killed (inactivated)
Toxoid

33
Q

Modified live vaccines

A
  • live virus with less virulence than disease-causing pathogen
  • long-term immunity but carries risk of disease
34
Q

Killed vaccines

A
  • Virus is killed but retains antigens that can be recognized
  • cant cause disease but has a shorter length of protection
  • has to be delivered with an adjuvant (used to boost immune response)
35
Q

Toxoid vaccines

A
  • inactivated toxin that promotes an immune response against a bacterial toxin
  • cant cause disease but requires adjuvant
36
Q

What to consider when making a vaccine program

A
  • What vaccines are available
  • Route of administration
  • Signalment/history of the animal
  • Understanding the pathogen
37
Q

Are vaccines 100% effective?

A

NO

38
Q

What causes vaccine failure?

A
  • poor vaccine quality
  • inappropriate handling
  • ineffective administration
  • interference from maternal antibodies
  • immunosuppression in the host
  • overwhelming exposure to pathogen
38
Q

What causes vaccine failure?

A
  • poor vaccine quality
  • inappropriate handling
  • ineffective administration
  • interference from maternal antibodies
  • immunosuppression in the host
  • overwhelming exposure to pathogen
39
Q

What causes rabies?

A

Rhabdovirus

40
Q

What are signs of rabies

A

CNS signs: incoordination, excessive chewing, hydrophobia

41
Q

Is rabies fatal?

A

yes, 100%

Animal Diseases (9 decks)

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