Disease

Question 1

What is the definition of disease?

Answer 1

“absence of health”, a condition of the living animal or one of its parts that impairs normal function

Question 2

pathology

Answer 2

the study of the causes and effects of disease/injury

Question 3

anthroponosis

Answer 3

from humans to animals

Question 4

zoonosis

Answer 4

from animals to humans

Question 5

Sign vs Symptom

Answer 5

A sign is observed and objective. A symptom is verbalized and subjective

Question 6

lesion

Answer 6

if a sign causes physical change in animal’s tissue

Question 7

what causes infectious disease?

Answer 7

bacteria, fungus, parasites, prions, virus

Question 8

other possible causes of disease

Answer 8

genetics, injury, environment, toxins, cancer (neoplasia), behavioral

Question 9

iatrogenic

Answer 9

DR. caused

Question 10

nasocomial

Answer 10

infection that an animal got in the hospital setting

Question 11

impacts of disease

Answer 11

decrease in animal welfare, loss of life, decreased production, economic loss, zoonotic risk

Question 12

multisystemic

Answer 12

disease affects more than one system at a time

Question 13

pathognomonic

Answer 13

Sign/symptom is characteristic or diagnostic for a specific disease

Question 14

What is a primary/definitive host?

Answer 14

The host in which the pathogen undergoes sexual phase of development (eggs laid)

Question 15

What is a secondary/intermediate host?

Answer 15

The host in which the pathogen undergoes asexual development/replication (between stages of larval growth)

Question 16

Aberrant/accidental host

Answer 16

Dead-end host, not necessary for life cycle, may show signs of disease

Question 17

Reservoir host

Answer 17

Doesn’t show signs of disease, maintains the population of pathogens so they can get to a susceptible host

Question 18

Paratenic/transport host

Answer 18

Carries pathogen, not necessary for life cycle, moves into susceptible host

Question 19

Epidemiologic triad

Answer 19

Host, pathogen, and environment factors that contribute to disease

Question 20

Host factors (Epidemiologic triad)

Answer 20

Age (too young or too old = immune competency)
Genetic susceptibility
Stress
Co-infection
Vaccine status
Nutritional plane

Question 21

Pathogen factors (Epidemiologic triad)

Answer 21

Pathogenicity
Virulance
Commensal vs pathogenic
Life cycle
Resistance to environ. or treatment

Question 22

Environmental factors (Epidemiologic triad)

Answer 22

Type of confinement
Stocking density
Sanitation methods
Ventilation
Temp.
Humidity
Interactions with other species

Question 23

Modes of transmission

Answer 23

Direct contact and indirect contact

Question 24

Direct contact

Answer 24

Body to body

Question 25

Indirect contact

Answer 25

Vehicles (not alive)
Vector
Fomites

Question 26

Mechanical vector

Answer 26

Physically transported but not taken into body of vector

Question 27

Biological vector

Answer 27

Alive being that transfers the pathogen

Question 28

Airborne

Answer 28

Very small particles, droplets

Question 29

Patterns of disease expression

Answer 29

1. Initial exposure
2. Pre-clinical phase
3. Clinical phase

Question 30

Prodromal stage

Answer 30

when initial signs/symptoms develop before specific signs

Question 31

During what stage is disease diagnosed?

Answer 31

The clinical phase

Question 32

Carrier state

Answer 32

Not showing signs/symptoms but can spread active disease

Question 33

What are the preventions of infectious disease?

Answer 33

Manipulation of host genetics
Management (of the animal, of environment)
Preventative medical care (physicals, vigilance)

Question 34

Sentinel animals

Answer 34

taking a group that is susceptible to disease and put them in an area that is at risk for the infection and see when/if they develop the disease

Question 35

Infectious diseases of special concern

Answer 35

• Those with a potential for significant public health/safety endangerment or economic repercussions
• Zoonotic or anthroponotic
• Disease with high morbidity/mortality
• Foreign animal diseases

Question 36

Spillover

Answer 36

When a pathogen passes from members of one species as a host into members of another

Question 37

Why are zoonoses “emerging” ?

Answer 37

Anthropogenic factors (land-use change, climate change, human travel, increasing population)