Evaluating Individuals & Groups for Disease Flashcards
What is included in the history of animals?
Signalment
Use
Affected animals
Open/Closed herd
Recent culls
Reproductive history
Surgical history
Med history
What is signalment
Age
Breed
Sex
Use
parturition
giving birth
conception
sperm joining egg
What should be known about the history of disease in the animal?
Time course of disease on property and animals affected
Where the sick animals are housed
Age class affected
Treatments administered
Population morbidity rate
% of all exposed animals
population mortality rate
% of exposed animals that die
case fatality rate
% of all animals that develop signs and die
how to calculate morbidity rate
sick/#total pop. exposed x100
how to calculate mortality rate
died/#total pop. exposed
How to calculate case fatality
died/#sick
Enzootic/Endemic
Disease that regularly occurs in a particular area/group of animals
Epizootic/Epidemic
Rapid spread of disease to a relatively large portion of population within a short time period
Evaluation of environment
Housing
(design, stocking density, hygiene practices, exposure to wildlife)
Handling and movement
Biosecurity
Mentation
consciousness of animal
1. Alert (awake)
2. Obtunded (response decreased, awake)
3. Stuporous (response is limited)
4. Comatose (response is nonexistent, unconscious)
Ambulation
walking
Ways to accomplish diagnostic testing
- Testing sick individuals
- Pooling samples from a group (cost effective, cannot provide targeted treatment)
- Sample from animals not showing clinical signs to establish baseline for group (can identify pre-clinical and carrier animals)
Types of diagnostic samples
Animal:
- blood
- saliva
- feces
- urine
- hair
- discharge
- tissue (biopsy)
- full necropsy
Environment
- feed/water samples
- swabs
What kinds of tests are there for infectious diseases
Cytology
Isolation/culture
Molecular testing
Serology
How do you perform a cytology?
Sample of cells is often stained, evaluated microscopically
for bacteria, fungi, and parasites
How do you perform an isolation/culture?
Growing the organism from a sample
for bacteria, fungi, virus
How do you perform a molecular test?
PCR antigen testing
for bacteria, virus, fungus
PCR
Polymerase chain reaction
How do you perform a serology test?
an analysis of serum
for viruses, bacteria, fungi
What is supportive care?
It is non-specific care
- low stress environment
- easy access to food and water
keeping animal clean and dry
- supplemental heat
- fluid support
What are medical treatments?
- vaccination
- antimicrobials
- antibiotics
- antifungals
- antiparasites
- antivirals
- analgesia
- anti-inflammatories
- surgery
what is analgesia treatment?
pain relief
Considerations when using medication
- # of animals to be dosed
- available formations
- ease of administration
- costs
Types of medication
Over the counter (OTC)
Prescription
Labeled Use
Extra-label use
Prohibited meds
What is a VCPR
Veterinary-client-patient relationship
