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PID > Preventative care strategies > Flashcards

Preventative care strategies Flashcards

1
Q

Farm biosecurity

A

Biosecurity on a farm comprises all measures taken to minimize the risk of the introduction and the spread of infectious agents
Internal and external biosecurity

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2
Q

External biosecurity

A

Measures taken to prevent an infectious disease from entering or leaving the farm

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3
Q

Internal biosecurity

A

Measures taken to combat spread of an infectious disease within the farm

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4
Q

Purchasing policy

A

Adopt a closed herd system, avoid buying animals from outside. Difficult to follow

Reduce the number of new animals brought to the farm. more animals-more risk

Limit the number of farms or sources from where you are buying the animals

Determine the vaccination and health status of newly purchased animals and of the herd of origin

Farms from which you buy animals or semen should have a higher sanitary status

Quarantine or keep newly arrived animals in isolation, away from the main herd

The quarantine period should be long enough and depend upon the incubation period of important infectious diseases

Use the quarantine period to test the animals for possible and important infectious diseases

Vaccinate, if necessary

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5
Q

Incubation period

A

Time elapsed between infection and when clinical symptoms are first apparent

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6
Q

The principle of the dirty and the clean road

A

Clean: natural barrier, trees, water.

  • supply animals in clean trucks
  • staff

Dirty: manure

  • dead animals
  • deportation of animals
  • courier for semen drop-off
  • feed
  • visitors
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7
Q

Vehicles entering and leaving the farm

A

Cleaning and disinfecting vehicles when using them for livestock transportation between different farms

Maintain a log book of all traffic that enters and leaves the farm

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8
Q

People (visitors and farm workers)

A

Keep visitors to a minimum

Current health record/history of visitor and workers

Maintain log book of all entering and leaving the farm

Make visitors aware of farm protection methods. Train and educate farm workers

Discourage visitors from entering the housing and feeding areas, and touching animals

Ensure supply of clean rubber boots or plastic disposable boots and clean coveralls

Provide a footbath containing disinfectant before entering Stables

Insist workers wash their hands before and after handling animals

Insist workers wear protective plastic or rubber gloves when required, such as for calving cows

Establish a working line. Attend animals in order of increasing age groups, and at the last, visit sick animals

In most farms visitors and staff should pass through the hygiene lock/dressing room before entering and leaving the farm

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9
Q

Fodder and water

A

Try to avoid feeding of animal byproducts/waste. Feeding of uncooked pork scraps caused epidemics of swine fever

Purchase feed from suppliers with quality assurance and monitoring programs

Protect feeds from contamination, ensure proper storage facilities

Design and build storage facilities where animals do not cross feeding alleys

Protect feed from manure contamination

Monitor water quality and assure clean delivery systems

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10
Q

Equipment

A

Do not share equipment or vehicles between farms

Avoid using manure handling equipment for handling feeds

To avoid contamination, use different sets of equipment in different sections of farm, often indicated by colors

Clean and sanitize equipment and materials used for handling dead animals/birds

Wash farm clothing and boots with detergents and bleach or washing soda

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11
Q

Housing and management

A

Minimize contact between young and older animals or consecutive production batches

Maintain optimal sticking density. High stocking density facilitates disease spread, and also increases stress, lowering immunity and predisposing animals to infectious disease

Adoption of the all-in and all-out housing system

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12
Q

All-in and All-out system

A

A production system whereby animals are moved into and out of facilities in distinct groups

By preventing contact between groups, disease can be reduced

Facilities are normally cleaned and disinfected thoroughly between groups of animals

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13
Q

Vermin and bird control

A

Prevent contact with free roaming animals (wildlife, cats, dogs, etc)

Minimize bird contact

Maintain a rodent an d insect control program

Secure all feed storage areas and clean up spilled feed to minimize access by pests

Pasture management, for microbes and parasitic diseased

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14
Q

Monitoring Animal health

A

Individually identify every animal

Keep health records on every animal

Review and update your vaccination and treatment protocols at least twice a year

Monitor and inspect animals at least daily for signs of illness

Isolation of sick animals from rest of herd, quarantine

Undertake treatment of sick animals

Promptly euthanize animals that are not going to recover

Perform necropsy. Send samples for laboratory testing

Initiate control measures for that disease

Disinfect sick pens after sick animals have been removed

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15
Q

Disposal of cadaver/bodies of dead animals

A

Remove cadaver as soon as possible from the stables

Store them in a well insulated place, such as in cadaver storage room

Use a cooled cadaver storage room

Dispose dead animals within 48 hours of their death (burying/composting/incineration)

Dispose all contaminated bedding, milk, manure, or feed

Disinfect the cadaver room

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16
Q

Burying

A

Far away from farm or other farms and inhabited areas

Avoid carcass being scavenged by dogs, birds, and other animals. Therefore it is better to overdig than underdig

Avoid areas with drainage systems nearby

Adding of disinfectants such as lime. Now not recommended

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17
Q

Composting

A

Natural breakdown of carcass

Can be used as fertilizer

Use of substrates in compost pile, such as sawdust, straw, hay to obtain proper moisture and C:N ratio (6:1) required for composting

Compost pile should be away from farm, drainage areas, and inhabited areas

Avoid scavenging

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18
Q

Prevention and control of infectious disease transmission in PETS

A

Avoid overcrowding

Maintain temperature, humidity, ventilation

Separate enclosures, such as for puppies/kittens, newly arrived pets and pets with known exposure to disease

Designated isolation and quarantine wards

Disinfection, sanitation, and pest control

Reduction of stress

Ecto- and endo-parasite control

Good nutrition

Vaccination

Behavioral wellness/enrichment

Routine health monitoring and record keeping

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19
Q

Decontamination

A

Used to describe a process or treatment that renders a medical device, instrument, or environmental surface safe to handle
A decontamination procedure can range from sterilization to simple cleaning with soap and water
Sterilization, disinfection, and antisepsis are all forms of decontamination

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20
Q

Sterilization

A

Process that destroys or eliminates all forms of microbial life/Pathogens, including highly resistant pathogens such as bacteria with spores
No degrees of sterilization: all or nothing process

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21
Q

Disinfection

A

Process that eliminates many or all pathogenic microorganisms, except bacterial spores, on inanimate objects
Less effective than sterilization, does not necessarily kill all microorganisms

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22
Q

Antisepsis

A

Application of a liquid antimicrobial chemical to skin or living tissue to inhibit or destroy microorganisms

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23
Q

Sterilization Method: Moist heat

A

Use of steam.

Autoclave- steam heated to 121C for at least 15 minutes in 15 psi

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24
Q

Sterilization Method: Dry heat

A

Hot air oven, at least two hours at 160C

25
Q

Sterilization Method: Chemical methods

A

Gases like ethylene oxide, ozone.

Chemicals like hydrogen peroxide at high concentrations

26
Q

Sterilization Method: Radiation

A

Non-ionizing: ultraviolet radiation

Ionizing: gamma rays, x rays

27
Q

Sterilization Method: sterile filtration

A

Microfiltration using membrane filters (pore size <0.2 um remove most microbes

28
Q

Hand hygiene

A 
Most important way to prevent spread of infection
Gloves are not substitute 
Hand should be washed before and after: 
-each patient
-after activities likely to cause contamination
-before eating, drinking or smoking
-after leaving clinical areas
-after removing gloves

Soap:

  • bar soaps not acceptable
  • use liquid or foam soab with antibacterial activity
  • skin disinfectant may be used
29
Q

Veterinary standard precaustions

A

Prevention of bites and other animal-related injuries. Use of physical restraints, bite-resistant gloves, muzzles, sedation, or anesthesia

Sharps safety. Needlestick injury prevention. Use of barriers, such as gloves, masks, etc

Extreme care and precautions during procedures involving surgery, obstetrics, and handleing diagnostic specimens

Proper decontamination and disposal of vet waste

Vaccination of vets against recommended zoonotic diseases

30
Q

Immunization

A

Vaccination protect susceptible individuals from infection or disease
Prevent transmission of infectious agents by creating an immune population
Four W’s
Where
When
Who
Why

31
Q

Immunization: Where

A

Primary populations in endemic areas

32
Q

Immunization: When

A

If the disease has a distinct “season” such as seen with vector-borne agents, immunization just before the season will provide the max efficiency
Outbreak of nonendemic disease occurs

33
Q

Immunization: Who

A

Population at risk

34
Q

Immunization: why

A

For a program of vaccination to be justifiable the loss caused by the disease must be greater than the cost of immunization

35
Q

Features of a god vaccine

A

Safe to use
Effective against diverse strains of the same pathogen
Few side effects
Give long lasting, appropriate protection
Low in cost
Stable with long shelf life (no special storage requirements)
Easy to administer
Inexpensive
Benefit outweighs the risk

36
Q

Herd Immunity

A

Form of immunity that occurs when the vaccination of a significant/large portion of a population (or herd) provides a measure of protection for the small number of individuals who has not developed immunity

37
Q

OIE

A

world organization for animal health

38
Q

WAHID

A

Would animal health information database

39
Q

Diagnostic capability

A

THe programme should be supported by diagnostic facilities with adequate capability and capacity

40
Q

National labs

A

Have unique resorces to handle highly infectious agents and the ability to identify specific agent strains
BSL-3
BSL-4

41
Q

Reference labs

A

Can perform tests to detect and confirm the presence of a threat agent, These abs ensure a timely local response in the event of a threat incident

42
Q

Sentinel labs

A

Represent the thousands of hospital-based labs that were on the front lines. Sentinel labs have direct contact with patients

43
Q

Infected Premises

A

Premises where presumptive positive case or confirmed positive case exists based on laboratory results, compatible clinical signs, case definition, and international standards

44
Q

Contact premises

A

Premises with susceptible animals that may have been exposed to the FAD agent, either directly or indirectly, including but not limited to exposure to animals, animal products, fomites, or people from infected premises

45
Q

Infected Zone

A

Zone that immediately surrounds an infected premises

46
Q

Buffer zone

A

zone that immediately surrounds an infected zone

47
Q

Control area

A

consists of an infected zone and buffer zone

48
Q

Surveillance zone

A

zone outside and along the border of a control area

49
Q

Free area

A

are not included in any control area

50
Q

Vaccination zone

A

Emergency vaccination zone classifies as either a containment vaccination zone (typically inside a control area) or protection vaccination zone (typically outside a control area) this may be a secondary zone designation

51
Q

Zoonosis

A

Transmission of infectious disease from animals to humans

52
Q

One health triad

A

Healthy people
Healthy environment
Healthy animals

53
Q

GLEWS

A

Global Early Warning System for Major Animal Diseases Including Zoonoses
Collaboration with FAO, OIE, WHO

54
Q

FAO

A

Food and agriculture organization of the UN

55
Q

Control of infectious diseases in wildlife

A

Involves substantial challenges compared with their control in domestic animals

Objectives:

  • primarily to protect human health against zoonoses in wildlife (rabies)
  • prevent diseases in wildlife from being transmitted
  • Protect wildlife from certain destructive diseases
56
Q

Prevent wildlife disease transmission to livestock

A

Separate livestock from wildlife

Vector control

Vaccination of livestock

Surveillance and risk assessment

Antemortem diagnostic tests

Necropsy

Wildlife population control

57
Q

Disease control in wildlife

A

Burning and burying of carcasses

Disinfection of water holes

Remote vaccination by darts, bio-bullets, baits

58
Q

Prevent wildlife disease transmission to livestock

A

Separate livestock from wildlife

Vector control

Vaccination of livestock

Surveillance and risk assessment

Antemortem diagnostic tests

Necropsy

Wildlife population control

59
Q

Disease control in wildlife

A

Burning and burying of carcasses

Disinfection of water holes

Remote vaccination by darts, bio-bullets, baits

PID (14 decks)

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