Preventative care strategies Flashcards
Farm biosecurity
Biosecurity on a farm comprises all measures taken to minimize the risk of the introduction and the spread of infectious agents
Internal and external biosecurity
External biosecurity
Measures taken to prevent an infectious disease from entering or leaving the farm
Internal biosecurity
Measures taken to combat spread of an infectious disease within the farm
Purchasing policy
Adopt a closed herd system, avoid buying animals from outside. Difficult to follow
Reduce the number of new animals brought to the farm. more animals-more risk
Limit the number of farms or sources from where you are buying the animals
Determine the vaccination and health status of newly purchased animals and of the herd of origin
Farms from which you buy animals or semen should have a higher sanitary status
Quarantine or keep newly arrived animals in isolation, away from the main herd
The quarantine period should be long enough and depend upon the incubation period of important infectious diseases
Use the quarantine period to test the animals for possible and important infectious diseases
Vaccinate, if necessary
Incubation period
Time elapsed between infection and when clinical symptoms are first apparent
The principle of the dirty and the clean road
Clean: natural barrier, trees, water.
- supply animals in clean trucks
- staff
Dirty: manure
- dead animals
- deportation of animals
- courier for semen drop-off
- feed
- visitors
Vehicles entering and leaving the farm
Cleaning and disinfecting vehicles when using them for livestock transportation between different farms
Maintain a log book of all traffic that enters and leaves the farm
People (visitors and farm workers)
Keep visitors to a minimum
Current health record/history of visitor and workers
Maintain log book of all entering and leaving the farm
Make visitors aware of farm protection methods. Train and educate farm workers
Discourage visitors from entering the housing and feeding areas, and touching animals
Ensure supply of clean rubber boots or plastic disposable boots and clean coveralls
Provide a footbath containing disinfectant before entering Stables
Insist workers wash their hands before and after handling animals
Insist workers wear protective plastic or rubber gloves when required, such as for calving cows
Establish a working line. Attend animals in order of increasing age groups, and at the last, visit sick animals
In most farms visitors and staff should pass through the hygiene lock/dressing room before entering and leaving the farm
Fodder and water
Try to avoid feeding of animal byproducts/waste. Feeding of uncooked pork scraps caused epidemics of swine fever
Purchase feed from suppliers with quality assurance and monitoring programs
Protect feeds from contamination, ensure proper storage facilities
Design and build storage facilities where animals do not cross feeding alleys
Protect feed from manure contamination
Monitor water quality and assure clean delivery systems
Equipment
Do not share equipment or vehicles between farms
Avoid using manure handling equipment for handling feeds
To avoid contamination, use different sets of equipment in different sections of farm, often indicated by colors
Clean and sanitize equipment and materials used for handling dead animals/birds
Wash farm clothing and boots with detergents and bleach or washing soda
Housing and management
Minimize contact between young and older animals or consecutive production batches
Maintain optimal sticking density. High stocking density facilitates disease spread, and also increases stress, lowering immunity and predisposing animals to infectious disease
Adoption of the all-in and all-out housing system
All-in and All-out system
A production system whereby animals are moved into and out of facilities in distinct groups
By preventing contact between groups, disease can be reduced
Facilities are normally cleaned and disinfected thoroughly between groups of animals
Vermin and bird control
Prevent contact with free roaming animals (wildlife, cats, dogs, etc)
Minimize bird contact
Maintain a rodent an d insect control program
Secure all feed storage areas and clean up spilled feed to minimize access by pests
Pasture management, for microbes and parasitic diseased
Monitoring Animal health
Individually identify every animal
Keep health records on every animal
Review and update your vaccination and treatment protocols at least twice a year
Monitor and inspect animals at least daily for signs of illness
Isolation of sick animals from rest of herd, quarantine
Undertake treatment of sick animals
Promptly euthanize animals that are not going to recover
Perform necropsy. Send samples for laboratory testing
Initiate control measures for that disease
Disinfect sick pens after sick animals have been removed
Disposal of cadaver/bodies of dead animals
Remove cadaver as soon as possible from the stables
Store them in a well insulated place, such as in cadaver storage room
Use a cooled cadaver storage room
Dispose dead animals within 48 hours of their death (burying/composting/incineration)
Dispose all contaminated bedding, milk, manure, or feed
Disinfect the cadaver room
Burying
Far away from farm or other farms and inhabited areas
Avoid carcass being scavenged by dogs, birds, and other animals. Therefore it is better to overdig than underdig
Avoid areas with drainage systems nearby
Adding of disinfectants such as lime. Now not recommended
Composting
Natural breakdown of carcass
Can be used as fertilizer
Use of substrates in compost pile, such as sawdust, straw, hay to obtain proper moisture and C:N ratio (6:1) required for composting
Compost pile should be away from farm, drainage areas, and inhabited areas
Avoid scavenging
Prevention and control of infectious disease transmission in PETS
Avoid overcrowding
Maintain temperature, humidity, ventilation
Separate enclosures, such as for puppies/kittens, newly arrived pets and pets with known exposure to disease
Designated isolation and quarantine wards
Disinfection, sanitation, and pest control
Reduction of stress
Ecto- and endo-parasite control
Good nutrition
Vaccination
Behavioral wellness/enrichment
Routine health monitoring and record keeping
Decontamination
Used to describe a process or treatment that renders a medical device, instrument, or environmental surface safe to handle
A decontamination procedure can range from sterilization to simple cleaning with soap and water
Sterilization, disinfection, and antisepsis are all forms of decontamination
Sterilization
Process that destroys or eliminates all forms of microbial life/Pathogens, including highly resistant pathogens such as bacteria with spores
No degrees of sterilization: all or nothing process
Disinfection
Process that eliminates many or all pathogenic microorganisms, except bacterial spores, on inanimate objects
Less effective than sterilization, does not necessarily kill all microorganisms
Antisepsis
Application of a liquid antimicrobial chemical to skin or living tissue to inhibit or destroy microorganisms
Sterilization Method: Moist heat
Use of steam.
Autoclave- steam heated to 121C for at least 15 minutes in 15 psi
Sterilization Method: Dry heat
Hot air oven, at least two hours at 160C
Sterilization Method: Chemical methods
Gases like ethylene oxide, ozone.
Chemicals like hydrogen peroxide at high concentrations
Sterilization Method: Radiation
Non-ionizing: ultraviolet radiation
Ionizing: gamma rays, x rays
Sterilization Method: sterile filtration
Microfiltration using membrane filters (pore size <0.2 um remove most microbes
Hand hygiene
Most important way to prevent spread of infection Gloves are not substitute Hand should be washed before and after: -each patient -after activities likely to cause contamination -before eating, drinking or smoking -after leaving clinical areas -after removing gloves
Soap:
- bar soaps not acceptable
- use liquid or foam soab with antibacterial activity
- skin disinfectant may be used
Veterinary standard precaustions
Prevention of bites and other animal-related injuries. Use of physical restraints, bite-resistant gloves, muzzles, sedation, or anesthesia
Sharps safety. Needlestick injury prevention. Use of barriers, such as gloves, masks, etc
Extreme care and precautions during procedures involving surgery, obstetrics, and handleing diagnostic specimens
Proper decontamination and disposal of vet waste
Vaccination of vets against recommended zoonotic diseases
Immunization
Vaccination protect susceptible individuals from infection or disease
Prevent transmission of infectious agents by creating an immune population
Four W’s
Where
When
Who
Why
Immunization: Where
Primary populations in endemic areas
Immunization: When
If the disease has a distinct “season” such as seen with vector-borne agents, immunization just before the season will provide the max efficiency
Outbreak of nonendemic disease occurs
Immunization: Who
Population at risk
Immunization: why
For a program of vaccination to be justifiable the loss caused by the disease must be greater than the cost of immunization
Features of a god vaccine
Safe to use
Effective against diverse strains of the same pathogen
Few side effects
Give long lasting, appropriate protection
Low in cost
Stable with long shelf life (no special storage requirements)
Easy to administer
Inexpensive
Benefit outweighs the risk
Herd Immunity
Form of immunity that occurs when the vaccination of a significant/large portion of a population (or herd) provides a measure of protection for the small number of individuals who has not developed immunity
OIE
world organization for animal health
WAHID
Would animal health information database
Diagnostic capability
THe programme should be supported by diagnostic facilities with adequate capability and capacity
National labs
Have unique resorces to handle highly infectious agents and the ability to identify specific agent strains
BSL-3
BSL-4
Reference labs
Can perform tests to detect and confirm the presence of a threat agent, These abs ensure a timely local response in the event of a threat incident
Sentinel labs
Represent the thousands of hospital-based labs that were on the front lines. Sentinel labs have direct contact with patients
Infected Premises
Premises where presumptive positive case or confirmed positive case exists based on laboratory results, compatible clinical signs, case definition, and international standards
Contact premises
Premises with susceptible animals that may have been exposed to the FAD agent, either directly or indirectly, including but not limited to exposure to animals, animal products, fomites, or people from infected premises
Infected Zone
Zone that immediately surrounds an infected premises
Buffer zone
zone that immediately surrounds an infected zone
Control area
consists of an infected zone and buffer zone
Surveillance zone
zone outside and along the border of a control area
Free area
are not included in any control area
Vaccination zone
Emergency vaccination zone classifies as either a containment vaccination zone (typically inside a control area) or protection vaccination zone (typically outside a control area) this may be a secondary zone designation
Zoonosis
Transmission of infectious disease from animals to humans
One health triad
Healthy people
Healthy environment
Healthy animals
GLEWS
Global Early Warning System for Major Animal Diseases Including Zoonoses
Collaboration with FAO, OIE, WHO
FAO
Food and agriculture organization of the UN
Control of infectious diseases in wildlife
Involves substantial challenges compared with their control in domestic animals
Objectives:
- primarily to protect human health against zoonoses in wildlife (rabies)
- prevent diseases in wildlife from being transmitted
- Protect wildlife from certain destructive diseases
Prevent wildlife disease transmission to livestock
Separate livestock from wildlife
Vector control
Vaccination of livestock
Surveillance and risk assessment
Antemortem diagnostic tests
Necropsy
Wildlife population control
Disease control in wildlife
Burning and burying of carcasses
Disinfection of water holes
Remote vaccination by darts, bio-bullets, baits
Prevent wildlife disease transmission to livestock
Separate livestock from wildlife
Vector control
Vaccination of livestock
Surveillance and risk assessment
Antemortem diagnostic tests
Necropsy
Wildlife population control
Disease control in wildlife
Burning and burying of carcasses
Disinfection of water holes
Remote vaccination by darts, bio-bullets, baits
