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PID > Drug Therapy > Flashcards

Drug Therapy Flashcards

1
Q

Antimicrobial

A

any substance of natural, semi-natural, or synthetic origin that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms but causes little damage to the host

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2
Q

Antibiotics/Antibacterials

A

Against bacteria

drugs for bacterial pneumonia

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3
Q

Antibirals

A

Against viruses

Drugs for herpes and HIV

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4
Q

Antiparasitic agents

A

against parasites

Drugs for malaria

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5
Q

Antifungals

A

against fungi

drugs for yeast infections

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6
Q

Antibiotic

A

a chemical substance produced by microorganisms that has the capacity in dilute solution to selectively inhibit the growth or kill other microorganisms

Produced by mainly soil dwelling microorganisms
Very old natural molecules
Communication between microorganisms
Inhibition of potential competitive microorganisms

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7
Q

Antimicrobial use in animals

A

Treat: animals diagnosed with an illness
Control: spread of illness in a herd or flock
Prevent: illness in healthy animals when exposure is likely
Growth: balance good/bad bacteria for improved nutrition

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8
Q

Therapeutic use

A

Treatment of diseased animals with the aim to cure infection

When the animal has symptoms

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9
Q

Prophylactic use

A

Treatment of healthy herds or animals with the aim to prevent infection

Before the animal is infected

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10
Q

Metaphylactic use

A

Treatment of diseased herds with the aim to cure infection in some individuals and prevent infection in others

Some animals have symptoms, some are infected no symptoms, some are not infected

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11
Q

Growth promotion

A

Treatment of healthy animals with low (sub-therapeutic) concentrations in feed with the aim to improve growth rate, efficiency of feed utilization and improve reproduction

EU banned the use of antibiotic growth promotors since 2006
The elimination of AGPs was met with a rise in prescribed veterinary antimicrobials for preventive use in subsequent years
To address the preventive use of antibiotics, regulators introduced a yellow card system

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12
Q

FDA

A

Promote judicious use of medically important antimicrobial drugs in food animals
Document to help phase out the use of antimicrobials for production purposes (enhance growth or improve feed efficiency)

Remove the use of antimicrobial drugs for production purposes
Add where appropriate, scientifically-supported disease treatment, control or prevention uses
Change marketing status from over-the-counter to veterinary feed directive for drugs administered through water

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13
Q

Antimicrobial alternatives

A 
Antimicrobial peptides
Hyperimmune IgY
Enzymes
Phytogenics (essential oils etc)
Organic acids
Prebiotics
Probiotics
Others (bacteriophages)
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14
Q

Classification of antibacterial agents

A 
Chemical structure
origin
spectrum
mode of action
antimicrobial effect
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15
Q

Origin

A

Natural: produced by fungi and bacteria
Semi-synthetic: chemically altered natural compounds
Synthetic: chemically designed by us

Natural are less effective more toxic
Synthetic are more effective less toxic

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16
Q

Broad-soectrum

A

antimicrobials active against both gram + and gram - microorganisms
tetracycline, chloramphenicol

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17
Q

Narrow spectrum

A

antimicrobials with limited activity against a particular species of microorganisms
Penicillin, polymyxin

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18
Q

Four quadrant coverage

A

Gram + Gram -
Aerobe Anaerobe
Intracellular Mycoplasma
Protozoa Fungi

19
Q

Cell wall synthesis inhibitors

A

B-lactam antibiotics such as penicillin, ampicillin
Promote autolysin activity –> cell lysis
Inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis by binding to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) that are involved in this synthesis

20
Q

Protein synthesis inhibitors

A

aminoglycosides, macrolides

Inhibit 50S or 30S of ribosomal chromosome

21
Q

Bactericidal drugs

A

kill microorganisms and reduce total number of viable bacteria

22
Q

Bacteriostatic drugs

A

Inhibit growth and multiplication of bacteria, thus allowing the host immune system to complete pathogen elimination

23
Q

Can be bacteriostatic or bactericidal

A

Depending on
Drug concentration
presence of other drugs
bacterial species

24
Q

Antiviral drugs

A

Interfere with the ability of a virus
-to infiltrate a target cell
-to target different stages of replication and synthesis of components
Synthesize antibodies or administration of natural antiserum

25
Q

Immune system stimulation

A

Interferons, class of proteins that has antiviral effects and modulate functions of immune system

26
Q

Antiviral (2 types)

A

Targeting cellular functions that the virus needs

Targeting viral function

  • neuraminidases
  • Integrases
  • proteases
  • nuclei acid polymerases
27
Q

Vermicide

A

Anthelmintics that kill infesting helminths

28
Q

Vermifuge

A

Anthelmintics that expel infesting helminths

29
Q

Ideal anthelmintics

A 
Orally effective
Effective in single dose
Inexpensive
Wide safety of margin with highest toxicity to worms but not to host
No or low tissue residue
Benzimidazoles, Ivermectin
30
Q

Anthelminthics: animal

A 
age
Immune status
Genetics
Nutritional status
Hypobiosis
Pregnancy
31
Q

Anthelminthics: Environmental

A 
Worm species
Temperature
Moisture
Sunlight
Pasture composition
32
Q

Anthelminthics: Farm management

A 
Grazing
Housing system
Co-grazing
Alternate grazing
Drenching
33
Q

Factors affecting drug choice

A 
Infection
Antimicrobial action and effect
Experience 
Cost
Compliance
Toxicity
Host
Pharmacokinetic drug properties
34
Q

Infection

A

Nature, location, severity, susceptibility of casual pathogen

35
Q

Antimicrobial action and effect

A

Variables influencing clinical response

36
Q

Toxicity

A

of drug; risk of adverse effects, withdrawal period (food-producing animals)

37
Q

Host

A

Species, health, status, age, value

38
Q

Pharmacokinetic drug properties

A

Formulation, preparation, route of administration, dosage

39
Q

Antibiotic selection

A

Population of bacteria with a subset of antibiotic resistant organisms
In the presence of an antibiotic susceptible strains are killed; the resistant strain survives
The resistant strain proliferates and may be capable of causing a new infection

40
Q

Co-resistance

A

The co-existence of multiple genes or mutations encoding resistance to different drugs within the same strain or genetic element

41
Q

Cross-resistance

A

Resistance against one compound gives automatically resistance against another compound
Mainly within the same chemical group
Macrolides, phenicols

42
Q

Co-selection

A

Selection of multiple resistance genes when one of these genes is selected

43
Q

Hotspots for antimicrobial selection

A

Municipal and industrial wastewater
Land spreading of animal manure and sewage sludge
Aquaculture

Antibiotic pollution is generally couples with contamination by heavy metals and other chemicals –> promote development of resistance mechanisms (co-selection)

PID (14 decks)

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