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PID > Introduction to Epidemiology > Flashcards

Introduction to Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

Epidemiology

A

Science of study and analysis of the distribution (who, when, and where) and determinants of health and disease conditions in defined populations`

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2
Q

Epidemiology purposes

A

Discover, Determine, Identify, Evaluate

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3
Q

Discover

A

Discover the agent, host, and environmental factors that affect health

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4
Q

Determine

A

Determine the relative importance of causes of illness, disability, and death

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5
Q

Identify

A

Identify those segments of the population that have the greatest risk from specific causes of ill health

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6
Q

Evaluate

A

Evaluate the effectiveness of health programs and services in improving population health

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7
Q

Does epidemiology refer exclusively to the study of infectious diseases in population?

A 
No
Infectious diseases
Injuries
Cardiovascular diseases
Cancers
Lead poisoning
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8
Q

Individual approach

A

Diagnosis —> treatment

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9
Q

Diagnostic process

A 
Anamnesis (verbal history) 
Critical signs
Hypothesis=differential diagnosis
Test (lab)
Diagnosis
Treatment and prevention

Might have to go back and forth a few times when you first start out

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10
Q

Use of epidemiology in anamnesis

A

To describe a condition: three essential characteristics of disease
Who, When, Where

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11
Q

Importance of epidemiology in veterinary practive

A

Risk of skin cancer in white cats
Hip dysplasia prevalence higher in german shepherds
Transmission of ringworm by contact
Bovine respiratory disease with peak in fall
Risk of lyme disease in hunting dogs
Spirocerca lupi in southern USA

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12
Q

Susceptible host

A

Breed, age, sex

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13
Q

Environment

A 
Housing management
Population density
Nutrition
Season
Prevention
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14
Q

Epidemiological approach

A

What is the problem? (outcome surveillance)
What is the cause? (exposure, risk factor)
What works? (intervention, Evaluation)
How do you do it? (implementation)

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15
Q

Prevention

A

Stop it from infecting population

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16
Q

Control

A

Measures to reduce infections (social distance)

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17
Q

Recent research on epidemiology

A 
Have focused on non communicable disease
-impact of smoking
-cancer
-cardio-vascular diseases
-obesity
Emerging disease zoonoses
18
Q

Study Design: Analytical vs Descriptive

A

What groups were compared?
Analytical: ages of multiple classes
Descriptive: ages of one class

19
Q

Study Design: Experimental vs Observational

A

Had the researchers any control on variables?

Observational (age/sex of group)

20
Q

Study Design: Cross-sectional vs cohort

A

How many times were individuals observed?
Cross sectional: blood from shelter one time
Cohort: blood multiple times- go back a month later

21
Q

Study Design: Prospective vs retrospective

A

Forward of backwards timeline?
Prospective: blood today and a month later
Retrospective: get records-past

22
Q

Measure of disease frequency: rates

A

Numerator: number of animals to whom something happened during a period of time
Denominator: the population at risk during this period of time
Mortality rate, Incidence rate

23
Q

Surverillance

A

Ongoing systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data

24
Q

Compartment model of infectious disease

A

SIR model

Susceptible, Infected, Infectious shedder, diseased, Recovered, carrier, dead

25
Q

Latent period

A

Time from infection to infectiousness. The pathogen replicates in the host but is not shed yet
(from infected to infectious shedder)

26
Q

Infectious period

A

The pathogen is shed by the individual

from infectious shedder to recovered

27
Q

Incubation period

A

Time from infection to onset of the disease. The pathogen replicates but no clinical signs are observed
(from infected to diseased)

28
Q

Symptomatic period

A

Observation of clinical signs

from diseased to recovered

29
Q

Epidemic

A

Excessive occurrence of a disease in a particular geographical region
Epizootic

30
Q

Endemic

A

Disease that is habitually present in a particular geographical region
Enzootic

31
Q

Pandemic

A

Epidemic at worldwide scale

Panzootic

32
Q

Four Postulates

A
  • Must be found in abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease, but should not be found in healthy organisms
  • Must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture
  • The cultured microorganism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism
  • Must be re-isolated from the inoculated, diseased experimental host and identifies as being identical to the original specific causative agent
33
Q

Strength of association

A

The stronger the association between a risk factor and outcome, the more likely the relationship is to be causal

34
Q

Consistency of findings

A

Have the same findings been observed among different populations, in different study designs and different times

35
Q

Specificity of the association

A

There must be a one to one relationship between cause and outcome

36
Q

Temporal sequence of association

A

Exposure must precede outcome

37
Q

Biological gradient

A

Change in disease rates should follow from corresponding changes in exposure (dose-response)

38
Q

Biological plausibility

A

Presence of a potential biological mechanism

39
Q

Coherence

A

Does the relationship agree with the current knowledge of the natural history/biology of the disease

40
Q

Experiment

A

Does the removal of the exposure alter the frequency of the outcome

PID (14 decks)

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