Presidency Flashcards
Context
Ff scathing about king george 3rd- hvaing in direct object establishment of an absolute tyranny over these states
Exec branch structure
Presdient
Vp
Exec office of president- white house office, office of mangement of budget, national securiyt power
Cabinet- offices at president choosing- biden had 15, (ie garland attoney generoal) obama 12
Fed beauracy- dept, agency, comm, corperations
Checked power of president- congress
Legislatibe
Financial power
Confimationappt
Checked power of president congress- legislatibe
Congress make legislation, president can propose, veto override
Mau invalidate if no consititutional or statutory basis- trumporder assinate iranian- 2020 congress- joint resolution direct troops to engage in no further history with iran without formal congressional approval
Congress checked power president- financila
Block obama ecex order to close guantanimo prison- supplementary approvals act 20040 blocked funds for tranfer or release of dteainees
Block trump wall leading to gridlock
Sc checking power of president
Trump v vance
Ruled against war tribunals
§
Exec branch checks on president
Can nominate like minded- can change offices as upheld by myers v us 1923
Exec order- trump travel ban- ban entry from 7 muslim jaoirty countries- heavy critic
High rate turnover may mean limited op to build trust, learn about dpt, make lasting changes
Powers of president
Bill signing ceremonies
State of union speeches
Presidential proclamation
Ecec order
Sigining statements
Commutation
Recieve ambassador
Recess apt
Pocket veto
Commander in chief
World leader
Appt eg cabinet and sc
Make treaties
Proposing budget of congress- omb
Bully pulpit and power to persuade
Power to pardon
Public opinion can boost
Circumstances
Bill siginiing ceremonies
Biden infrastucture investment and jobs act 2021- ceremony outside white house gave speech raising awareness
Obama did 60 of these
State of the union speech
Biden support for ukraine 2023- increase spending, cap on insulin
Trump failyure wall- congress $1.5trn tinfrastucture bill elad to 35 day gov shutdwon
Presidential proclamations
Ceremonial
Bush national emergency by reseon of certain terrorist attacks 2001- 9/11
Exec order
Biden cancelled keystone pipeline and 100 other environmental actions of trumpin 2020
Cole memo obama - fed wont intervene drug offences unless circumstances such as firearm involved
Signing statement
Statements issued by president regarding a billl they have just signed into law
Obama national defence authorisation act 2011- highlights concern over- detention interrogation prosecution of suspsected terrorists
Biden may 2024- recruit and retain act- recruit and retain additional policinng, aim to reduce crime and make safer
Commutation
Abilitity of presdient to reduce the sentence issued for a crime- chealsea manning- obama autrocities of war in iraq and afghanistan wikileaks
As well as 330 to people convicted of durg offences- war on drugs has been an utter failyre
Recieve ambassadors
Trump and nk
Obama recognise sudan 2011
Biden zelensky- dec 2023
Recess appt
Bush- bolton us ambassador
Trump attempted to appt director of intelligence
Pocket veto
Clinton partial brith abortion veto 1996
Commander in chief
Biden withdraw afghanistan troops
Obama 33000 surge troops
Imperial presdient- schleisenger
Yoo- unitary president- increased power as commander in chief
Wrold leader
Western democracy looked towards
In usrauk taiwan 2023- $619 mill
Appt of cabinet and sc
2017 trump- betsy de vos- education sec
Bush bolton us ambassadro
Make treaties
Paris climate deal
Iran sactions deal
Proposing budget of congress- =
Omb- coordinate presidential budget across all dpt and agencies
Bully pulpit power to persuade
Speak to people on tv or in congress
Obama- rose garden speech- convinced need to take military action in syria over chemical weapons
Power to pardon
Obama 1927- mostly drug charges
Trump 237- inc frined- roger stoone- crimes inc lying congress to protect presidnet
Public opinion can boost
Obama messianic figure- 65% 2009, 59% at end
Bush increase post 9/11- 90% support
Circumstances boosting power
Post cold war/impeachment
First 100 days
Limitations to presidential power
Sc override deciisons
Permative
President only propose legislation
Sc
Theorists
Constrained sops
Impeachment
Max 2 terms
Cant declare warr
Appt can be blocked
Treaty to be ratified
Congress power of purse
Sc can override
Trump v vance- no exec privilege/supremacy clause- state crimanal subpoena
Obama exec memorandum 2012 dapa protect those who met conditions, 2014 protect children of ilegal immigrandt, overturn 2016 texas vs us
Theorists presidential power constrained
Lowi- law of presidential failure, all do end in failure
Constrained to gov- jones effectvely by sops- lose both hoses obama
Neustadt president only real power is the power to persuade
Impeachment
Congress
Conviction of treason birbery other high crimes and midemenours
2/3 vote to find guilty
Clinton 1998- perjury and obstrcution of justice- denied sexual relations with lewinsky
Cant declare war
Aumf- authorisation use military force- 14 times since 2001
Need congressional approval for war- last time ww2
Imperrlled president ford with war powers act 1972- limit commander in chief powers in vietnam
Treaties congress ratify
2/3 votes
Never paris cllimate tried- depsite in and out
Start- arms reduction- 2010- 71-26 ratified
Domestic power strengths
President initiates- is proactive- state of the union, appt sc, budget, control state beurecracy
Has a madate- biden inflation reduction act
State of union adress e
Exec orde
Uified gov- brooklins insitiuute found oversigt better by democrats even if dmeocrat president
Size of vote- mandate
Signifi states
Coattails effect- ability of a presdient to bring out supporters for otehr members of same party- ie obama for democrats in congress
Domestic power weakness
C+b power of pruse and ocunterveto
Neustadt only real pwoer, power to persuade
Skinner- partisan presidency- increasingly divided congress obama 2014
Federalism dispersal of power- shared soverignty
Sc- vance vtrump-
Filibusteer delay tactics
V small legislation passed 4%
Lame duck president- a president holding office after an election they have not won- informal weak president
Foreign policy strengths
Us leaders world policu- international crisis- israle suppported us take swift action , proactive, nato and un power (un security council permenenat member
Head of state- ceremonial national assumrance
Commander in chief- defend us interests- war on terros, biden went to israel 2023 oct
Exec agreements signed without senate consulation- iran sanctions, beceam etreaty later, - if iran let weapons sector check s then can develiop nuclear power not weapons, trump revoke, biden reverse
Immediate actions- air strickes- obama on n pakistan against al wuada
Us v curtiss-wright 1936 set a precedent, president- sole organ of the fed gov in time of international relations
Depfence dpt- part of fed beurarcy controlled by presidental appt deefcence sec- obama hagel approved plans for use of tomahawk missiles agianst suyria
Foriegn policy weaknesses
Legislative/constitutional barriers
Power of the purse- reactive check
May try to reassert power on war- reinstate enumerated powers- war powers act 1979 (limited presdiential powe rin vietname) but patriot act relicenced under each president since buish
Although lots of issues waterboarding and war tribunals
Hamdan (206) hamdi (2004) rumsfeld- sc war tribunals, dont count, need right to fair trial and use torture
Approval
-treaties ratified- iran sanctionsm paris climate
Eoucnter veto congress overwhlming support legilsation to president desk- 9/11 familuy victims sue where money comes from- saudi arabia but dont want to dmage relations- overwehlming public support
Congress oversigt- ie approved intervention suyrua 10-7- senate foriegn raltions comm
External factors
Other countries can undermine
If out of step may damage support- obama not end war afghanistan, biden did badly, bush 9/11 elongation and american detahs
Clinton sucess president
Econ oversaw balanced budget, handed on sound econ to bush, us leads financial world, unemp 25 y low, new deomcrat fiscal con move to right
Dont ask dont tell- gay people in servcies
Foriegn policy- yugoslavia balkan wars through un
Ireland- close arrnagements in good friday but did upset british with sinn fein
Remoed incumbent goegre h bush despite him winning gulf war, couldnt keep no new taxes promises- clinton its the eocnomy stupid
Most diverse cabinet at that point
Clinton weakness as president
Healthcare couldnt pass through republicans- hilary in charge
Teapot movement grew- right wing
Impeachment wityh lewinsky
Bush jnr sucess as presdient
Support with 9/11 commander in chief
Created homeland security security
Ecucation reform- no new child left behind- 2% increased for underprivilaedge schools, as an evangelicist wanted to do well
Tac cuts- promised and delive
Sucess toppled saddam hussein lt aim
Bush jnr weakness
No child left behind didnt work as well a hoped due to cuts and angered fed
Oraq damage- hamdan and hamdi
Obama sucess
Healthcare act reduced 18 to 13% without healdthcare
Increased employment despite econ crash 2008
Bin laden killed
End iraq
Messianic figure
Obama weaknesses
Republican angry at time- sebelius case 5v4 roberts changed mind
Uni didnt get message across of getting more poor students in
Healthcare could have gone further
Prolonged war afghanistan
Couldnt shit down guantanimo bay
Uimmigration texas v us- right to remain too big change- tried to have greater rights to children of immigrants 2016
2014 obma out of touch- even own party not put him on lit
Trump sucess
Econ tax cuts brady tax bill 2017- benefit rich by cutting corperation tax 35 to 21%
Unemp us leading low
Diplomacy world leader nk, latin america on immigration control
Covid package to avoid recession
Trump failure
Personally benefitted tax cuts
Promise of growth fi fnot happen
Diplomacy often without prep- rocket man
Gridlock over wall 35 days
Covid misinformation, inject bleach
Storming of capitol
Biden sucess
Vaccine programme
Inflation reduction act 200,000 more jobs- green energy esp in rustbelt
Infrastucture to recover from covid £1.9trn
Ira capped price insulin- in state of union adress
America rescue plan expand child tax credit, enhance social security
Respect for marriage act 2022- cements oberefell
Exe corder pardon thousands marujuana
Rejoin paris climate
Ukraine- sgtrong lead met z,
Biden weakness
Israel many countries refused to meet
Promise buld back not seen as much
Afghanistan reombal disasteras— lack state building, taliban in control, lots left
Upset republicans by increasing tax- 25% min millionaires, $150bn cut non defence, eg education std
Etv president is the most powerful branch of gov- intro
Ecec banch, sops aim prevent tyranical ruler ff
Loa y
Commander in chief, legislative, sc
Presdient most powerful branch- no commander in chief
Ford imperriled president cant declare war without congrss support war powers act 1973 last time ww2
Popularity-61% disagree with how biden dealt afghaisutan
President most powerful branch of gov- yes ocmmander in chief
Imperial president- schlesinger
Bush war on terror 9/11- iraq and afghanistan congress support- get arorund c and b by not officially declaring war
Popularity can strnegthen 90% support in 9/11
World leader biden oct 2023 israel support
President most powerful branch of gov- no legislative
Power of the purse- trump demanded $25bn walll apparations biilll 2018-2019- gov shutdown 35 odays
Pwoer of purse shut down obama exec order shut down guantanimo bay prison within a year- supplemental approval act 2004- blocking funds for transfer or release of detainnes
President most powerful branch- yes legislative
Stateoo f union- tv and highlyt repirted- strengtheens when can achieve with biden 2023 ira capped price insulin
Ecex order biden oppose 100 trunmp environmental exec order inc keystone pipeline- defined himself
Signifng statement- national defence authorisation act - 2011 stated concerns over detention, interrogation, supported terrorists greater control on criminal justice system, previously defearted on guantanimo
President is th emost powerful branch of gov- no sc
Deified constitution
Trump v vance
Appt process senate approval
Presdient most powerful branch of gov- sc yes
Mainly appt on ideology- trumps, increased con ruling, dobbs, sffa v harvard
Trump v vance accountability maintained
Presidency rational similarities
In order to advance their own policy goals, exec can use lagre range of formal and informal polices- appt, persuausion
Pm head of party and able to advance own goals using party,presernt serves as defacto head of party
Preseve and be able to exercise political power- military action§§
Presidency rational diff
Pm often in a personally stronegr posiition- majority in parliament,m ore freedom to exert their own decisions
Cultural similairities presdiency
Presdient and pm individ focus in electioon- control on exec branches
Role of cabinet in both- focus media attention, reflects head of state
Structural similairty presidency
Powers each exec has are determined by political prcess of country
Sturctural diff presidency
Direct elected presdient, stronger mandate than indirect pm
Head of state similairities
Role of commander in chief- both- pm through royal prerogative
Act as rep of country on world stage
Ceremonial duties but increadingly limited
Head of state diff
President head of state, uk monarch
President more exckusive powers such as pwoer of pardon- n uk queen 2013 alan turing
Head of gov similiarities
Nominated
Adress legilsature- state of union or kings speech
Leaders of party
Little power of judiciary
Head of gov diff
Pm often majority, pass more as less opp
President cabinet appt , senate approval, cabinet not collective body
Pm cabinet body collective
Sc power less in uk than us- parliament soveirgen
Impact on gov similarity
Set legilsative agenda party desires and react. To political arrnagements
Braod control over foriegn policu inc military action
Challenge otehr branch gov to pass policu
Have measures by which to pass own agenda
Impact on gov- diff
President final say over legislation
Pm more likeyl to getting stuff donw- mandate and les cand b
Pm elective dictatorship
Pm whips and demotions to control power
Executive office of the president
Exop
Designed to be flexible- v few positions require senate confirmed
Meant to be fluid to adapt to presidents style
Diff to pin down exactly how many people currently work in exec office
Headed by white house chief of staff
Main three agencies- nsc, who, onb
National security council
Formed under truman
Main body used by the president for the formation of policies relating to national security and foriegn policy
Formed by president, vp, secretary of state, sec of defence, national security security advisor
Military advisors and intelligence advisors will participate on a regular basis
Who
White house office
Headed by white house chief of staff
Office ultimately made up on assistants of the president, oversee policy, political matters, work to protect the interests of the president
None of the roles in the white house office require senate confirmation
Omb
Office of management and budget
Ombudsman largest dept within exec office
Produce budget- main responsibility
Oversee all financial aspects of the implementation of the presidents agenda
Assess efectiveness of gov programmes
One of only dpt in exec office must have director confirmed by a senate vote
Currently Shalanda delores young
