Democracy And Participation- IG Flashcards
Types of ig
Sectional
Cause
Hybrid
By sector
Sectional ig
Protects interests of its members
Inc profesisonal group and man y of most eocngroups in usa
American bar association- liase with exec and legislation on issues pertaining to legal system
Cause ig
Promites partner cause or idea
For benefit all society
Nra greespeace
Cara- congress racial equality
Hybrid ig
Both
Christian coalition christian values across a wide range of issues
Offer advice to those involved in political system
By sector ig
Mckeever definition
Business and trade- us chamber of cmerce
Agricultural groups- 2023 46 mill spent- inc fertiliser institute, texas farm bereau
Unions 90% to democrats- carpenters and joiners union 5 mill
Public intereest consumer fed of america, scrutiny gov actionasa dn acim protect and advance consumer interests
Single issue-nra
Environ
Why are interest groups so numerous and ative in usa
Constitutional factors
Us political culture
Ideology
Role of gov
So many ig constitutional
Sops and federalism lots access points
Principle open gov
1st ammendment constitutional right to freedom of association asn assembluy
Powerful judiciary- us courts more open pg activity- use sc and lower courts
Obergefell v hosegs 148 anmicus briefs and moore v harper gerrymandering common cuase
Us political culture- ig numerous
Society diverged, diff needs rep
Naacp and nat council of la raza
Role of money huge esp donations
Lots elections
Electioneerig emilys list prochoice democratic women in office
Ideology why so many ig
60s and 70s- big increase no single issue pg- at time broad coalition all parties, not rep enough or all- divisive issues onto agenda- feminsim environmentalism race
Ideological -Tea party and heritage foundation con, centre for american progress lib- partisan
Culture war- naral pro choice america and nat right to life
So many ig role of gov
Us chamber of commerce rep interests of us businesses may be consulted
Consumer fereation of america- public interest group which scrutinises gov actions and advance consumer interests
Centre for respectible politice- inform public by reporting on influence of money in us elections and policy making
Tactics of us ig
Electioneering
Professoional lobbying
Courts
Grassroots actions and influence puvlic opinion
Influence presdient
Influence congress
Why electioneering ig
Lots to target
Held frequently
Election campaigns expensive and candidates pleased to recieve donations from ig
Donations funding
4,000 registered pacs donate up to 5k/yr/candiate- 2020 top nat association of realtors at 3.9mill
Superpac after 2010 - ie restore our future, priorities action usa, spend unlimited funds competing on behalf prefered candiate
According to open secrets 2,200 super pacs 2.1bn in 2020 attack ads- main adelson
Electioneerng- endorsement
Voter guides- nrlc (right to life) 2020 and 2016 support trump- pro choice naral clinton and biden
Rating leage of conserbation voters dirty doxen 12 elected worst- 2020 6/12 lost, 2012 11/12 lost
Attack ads- god made trump- dilley meme team
Modern tech- microtargeting- 2x trump than biden on less 1000 people in 2016
Professional lobbying role
Watts washington persuaders
Cost up to 50k/month for profesisonal lobby
Open sectret 3.3bn 2020 biggest us chamber of commerce 100mill
Infleunce decisions phrma=- 2009 aca 100 lobbyists, nra lapse in assault weapon ban 2009
Highly skilled revolving door- ie congressional bob livingston established lobby company livingston grouo pwhen left
Controversial aspects of professional lobbying
Hiring sercieves of exepensive expeirnecd individ not viable option oil- not level playong feld= paya to play
Close rleationshipo lobbyists and some members congres- unethical conduct 2006 lobby abhamoff convicted fruad
Revolving door- v well paid, feel pressure to prioristise interests of future employer over those of people they rep
Regulation on lobbying
Honest leadership and open gov act 2007
Ex senators/senior member exec wait 2y before join lobby company
Lobby prohibited from gving gifts to members of congress
Must be ful disclosure of all lobbyinst action
20009 obama exec order to expand to cover white house staff restriction on lobby
Courts ig
Influence apt, bring cases to court
Amicus briefs
Influence sc and public opinoin in court
Ig influence appt
Lobby senate, compile dossiers,
2009 lib pgs for sotomayor- w planned parenthood- yet con christian coalition and pro life operation rescue against
Ig bring cases to court
Brown v board - sponsered naacp 1954 segregation in schools
2017 gloucester county scohol board v gg- acu case concerning trans students rights in virginia
Ig amicus briefs obergefell
Ig present views in writing before oral arguments ehard
Recive 148
Roberts arrgued too many- amicus fatigue
Ig influence sc and public opinion in court
2012 sc review constitutionality obama healthcare reform= net fed independent businesses v sebelius- us chamber of commerce lead opp, moot court sessions to help prepare lawyers in advance
Grassroots actions and influence public opinion ig
Marches and demonstrations
Pr/ad campaigns
Grassroots activism
Violence and disorder
Marches and demonstrations ig
Blm street protests agianst violence by police officers towards black citixens and interrupt campaign events in 2016 and 2020 primary and caucaus
Ig pr ad capign
Nra tv ad to put pressure on obama and congress not pass new guun control laws after 2012 sandy hook shooting
Ig grassroots activism
Postal blitzes- format sent on set day harrd to ignore when orchestrated at same time
Social media made easier
Ig influence president
Electioneering- and superpacs ie hillary the movie citizens united
Lobby pressure policy change or influence nominations/appt
Provide info and expertise in key presidential agenda
Ideology
Naacp, naral and emilys list biden
Trump appt gorsuch- nra declared as ‘an outstanding choice’
Influence fed bureaucracy- form iron triangle ie military industrial complex, lobby weapons companies, pnetagon conrgessional defecne comm- protect ojobs linked to defence in key states
Congressional influence by ig
Among others mentioned before
Pg ai pac- senate useful target move us foriegn policuy in pro israel direction
Some pg seen target individ senators trhough filibuster
Limited naacp and black caucaus
Times divided gov- pg can dilute legilstaion
Comparative uk and us ig methods
Electionerring
Lobbying
Sc
Grassroots
Electioneering- ig methods comparative
Elections more frequent in usa
Blacnket ban tv ad uk ppb- usa ig hilr ythe movie, god made trump
No meaningful limits on spending in us elections esp with icrease superpaccs only usa
Uk group ssome influence ie tu w labour- unite 8 mill 2019-20233
Sturctural us more opp than uk
Lobbying ig methods comparative
Both more opp us than uk
Sops and fed more access points
Power of whips and level party control limits in comons
Limited in hhohl as minimal power comp senate
Using sc comparative ig
Structural codified
Appt us senate confirms
Culltural- us sc landmark
Grassroots activity comparative ig
Both secure influence through both mass odcial
Both democracy and some civil disb=bedience used- extinction rebelion blm , operaion rescue,
Iuk insulate block m25, us anti kavanaugh protests
Resources ifnluence pg succes
Resources- members money
Status
Methods
Membership influence pg success
Fortune magazine most important
Large membership aarp retired pensioners over 40 mill members with lots time- can bommard congress iwth emails and phone calls before key votes
Quality important- nra mobilise resources wlel- memershio highly committed
Status us chamber of commerce rep leading businesses whose views unable to be ignroed
Money infleunce pg sucess
Lobbying adn ads expensive
Pharmas 20 mill on 21st cares act 2016 or ira
Pas and superpacs- lack of sucess- jeb bush right to rise 2016 goop nominations but hilary the movie and god made turmp
Status influence pg sucess
Who = alliance gun reform and brady comm nowhere near as sucessful as nra
Sturctural power ashbee- econ importance
Exertise- ama pharma
Methods determine sucess
Avaialbility access points- most states all 50 and all branches
Local level washington alliance on gun responsibility group suceseding in changeing in state washington sucess state level
Combinatoion tactics cose relationship legilsature prfessional legislatiure grassroots
Extreme taxtucs operation resuce
Electioneering lcv dirty dozen. Nra target indiana senator
Violence and disorer ig
2009 kansas doctor perform abortion fatally shot pro life- th doctor by operation rescue
Extinction rebellion disrupt tactics in cblock roads and public transport
Pluralisn theories
Dahl- non can dominate as wide range enables compromoise
Elitism
Mills
Small welathy group dominate
Inequality
Hyperpluralism
Raunch
So many pg compete
Cannot reach agreement
Party decline
Increasing pg
Broder
Limits on ig
Constitution
Pluralism
Equal and opposite
Camapign finance reforms
Legal and poressional lobbying
Constitutional limits on ig
Fed and sops diff but not impossible nra
Pluralism on ig
So many diff to dominate elitism
Campaign finance reform on ig
Feca and bcra limit firms influence
Legal pacs 5k/candidtae/yr
But superpacs
Legal and limits on lonbying ig
1995 lobbying disclosures act
2007 honest leadership and open gov act
Etv pg too powerful
Constitution
Legilstaion
Opp and equal forces
Eval us pg more powerful than political parties
Rep andp articipation
Election time
Policy and legilsature
Sc
Represenatyion and participation pg more than parties
Parties broad pg narrow
Rep pg nra and league of conservation voters
Pro life on stance in gop but nat right to life focus on one issue- annual march to life
Public disllisionmeny- 80% + memer one ig, no 3rd parties
Rep and participation pg mmroe than parties no
Two parties v diff 2020
Rep constituencies- yet gerryamndering
Election time- pg mroe parties
2002 bcra banned soft money decreasing role parties in funding election time- yet do still with superpacs
1968 mcgovern fraser report parties lost control candidate selection- 16 signif role nra 2012
Endorcsed senator= defeat lugar
Broder party decline
Election time party more ig
Rnc and dnc members and help coop party campaigns
Policy and legislature- pg more party
Little coop 2p arties- obamacare gop opp
Interests of ama and phrama influence ammend clause alloweing heaper improt of drugs from canada
Gun control democrats opp yet hav eto conede due to nra pressure
Policy and legislature- no patry mroe pg
Influence policu but brief as adopt
2000 nader florida 2004 more enrviron
Sc pg more party
Amicus beifs 148
Appt advice sotomayer
Sc party than pg
Party appt candiate sways rilings ie dobbs pg minimal
Nra action in sc
District of columbia v heller 2008- storage of weapons
Fight against restrictions on magazine cpaacity or against an assault rifle ban
Interest group spending support candiates
Nra 4.3 mill on trump 2020, 12.2 opp biden
Former congressman lobbyists
2022 453 former membrs of congress worked as lobbyist or senior advisors offer valuable info on legislative process and contxts
Example of influence by lobbyisst efefctive
2016 rep scott tipton introduced a bill to allow drilling in an envrionemntally sensitive area
Lang of bill appeared tohave been written by oil comapny sg interests, one of top donrs
Ig on sc cases
Citizens united challenged fecs campaign finance laws
Coalition defend affriamtiev action challneged michigans ban on aa
Etv that american innterest groups enhance democracy
Participation
Representation
Accpountability
Dahl- pluralism- vast no interest groups enables diverse rangeof opinions to collaborate
Mills- only wealthy insider elite ig suceed
Loa- no
Ig enhance democracy- participation yes
Give peoopple opp to participate in polictical system- single issue- environmentalism through league of conservation voters or ducks unlimited,inc (aims promote wetlands
Contribute to political debate- educate and raise awareness- esp wemotive issues- abortion ‘equal and opposte’ nat right to life or lambs of chirst (take from christian perspective) naral pro choice america or aclu (aim portect abortion rights alabama
Ig enhance democracy participation no
Spend vast sums money- buy voice
Superpacs- esp since 2010 citizens united ruling
Lobbying passive form participation- open secrets 3.3bn in 2020
Us chamber of commerce spend 100 mill on these services- a lot considereing agricultural sector spect 46 mill- fertilisers institute
May threaten democracy- operation rescue pro life kill 8 doctors consduct abortion, memer lambs of chirst one doctor in 1998
Anti israel protests many jewish individ fell threatened and unsfae in country live in-
Ig enhance democracy- representation ues
Vested parties seek influence policuy making to represent ideological belieffs and proiiorties and benefit society- moore vs harper 2023- debated ability of state legislature to redistict - really gerrymander- without having to justify themselves to state courts- signif n carolina district redrawn race boundries- ig common cause and southern coalition for social justice
Represent minority rights- obergefell v hodges case 2015- lgtq and lib groups=. Foundation for moral law
Religious groups— brief for california council of churches
Ig enhance democracy non represenation
Amicas briefs ignored
Ideologically based appt trump create 6v3 con court- virtually impossible for many lib rgoups to influence moral cases- dobbs v jackson for womens health organisation 2022 - reverse cnstitutional right to abortion
Ineuqality- welathy mroe- elitism- greenpeace or extinction rebelion againnst oil companies shell alliance of western enegru companies- lonny
Ig pharam rep pharam companies 2.5bn 2008-2018 to prevent strict price regilation to preserve profits
Most seen with deraprim a life saving anti parasitic drug increased in price 12.5 to 750 per tablet overnight in 2015- public interest slimited
Ig enhance democracy- accountability ye
Protect rights and hold politiciasn to account
Groups such as aclu protect civil liberties promoye lib democracy
Sfu aim uphold affirmative action create equality of opportunity to college education
Inform public and draw attention- nlm uncomfortable q on instituional racism exists in america
Electioneering
Accountability no ig enhance democray
Lack accountability of leaders
Blm defae statues
Revolving door- formerly accountable but may act in interests of future employer
Emilys list
Democratic female pro choice
Inc senators elizabeth warren and harris
Uk electioneering p
Parliament project
50:50 pal=rkianet
Incourage women run elected positions
Lobby political parties to select women
Nra spedning on electioneering
50 mill for trump and senatorial candidates
