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6-Politics- Paper 3- USA > Democracy And Participation- IG > Flashcards

Democracy And Participation- IG Flashcards

1
Q

Types of ig

A

Sectional
Cause
Hybrid
By sector

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2
Q

Sectional ig

A

Protects interests of its members
Inc profesisonal group and man y of most eocngroups in usa
American bar association- liase with exec and legislation on issues pertaining to legal system

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3
Q

Cause ig

A

Promites partner cause or idea
For benefit all society
Nra greespeace
Cara- congress racial equality

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4
Q

Hybrid ig

A

Both
Christian coalition christian values across a wide range of issues
Offer advice to those involved in political system

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5
Q

By sector ig

A

Mckeever definition
Business and trade- us chamber of cmerce
Agricultural groups- 2023 46 mill spent- inc fertiliser institute, texas farm bereau
Unions 90% to democrats- carpenters and joiners union 5 mill
Public intereest consumer fed of america, scrutiny gov actionasa dn acim protect and advance consumer interests
Single issue-nra
Environ

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6
Q

Why are interest groups so numerous and ative in usa

A

Constitutional factors
Us political culture
Ideology
Role of gov

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7
Q

So many ig constitutional

A

Sops and federalism lots access points
Principle open gov
1st ammendment constitutional right to freedom of association asn assembluy
Powerful judiciary- us courts more open pg activity- use sc and lower courts
Obergefell v hosegs 148 anmicus briefs and moore v harper gerrymandering common cuase

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8
Q

Us political culture- ig numerous

A

Society diverged, diff needs rep
Naacp and nat council of la raza
Role of money huge esp donations
Lots elections
Electioneerig emilys list prochoice democratic women in office

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9
Q

Ideology why so many ig

A

60s and 70s- big increase no single issue pg- at time broad coalition all parties, not rep enough or all- divisive issues onto agenda- feminsim environmentalism race
Ideological -Tea party and heritage foundation con, centre for american progress lib- partisan
Culture war- naral pro choice america and nat right to life

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10
Q

So many ig role of gov

A

Us chamber of commerce rep interests of us businesses may be consulted
Consumer fereation of america- public interest group which scrutinises gov actions and advance consumer interests
Centre for respectible politice- inform public by reporting on influence of money in us elections and policy making

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11
Q

Tactics of us ig

A

Electioneering
Professoional lobbying
Courts
Grassroots actions and influence puvlic opinion
Influence presdient
Influence congress

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12
Q

Why electioneering ig

A

Lots to target
Held frequently
Election campaigns expensive and candidates pleased to recieve donations from ig

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13
Q

Donations funding

A

4,000 registered pacs donate up to 5k/yr/candiate- 2020 top nat association of realtors at 3.9mill
Superpac after 2010 - ie restore our future, priorities action usa, spend unlimited funds competing on behalf prefered candiate
According to open secrets 2,200 super pacs 2.1bn in 2020 attack ads- main adelson

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14
Q

Electioneerng- endorsement

A

Voter guides- nrlc (right to life) 2020 and 2016 support trump- pro choice naral clinton and biden
Rating leage of conserbation voters dirty doxen 12 elected worst- 2020 6/12 lost, 2012 11/12 lost
Attack ads- god made trump- dilley meme team
Modern tech- microtargeting- 2x trump than biden on less 1000 people in 2016

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15
Q

Professional lobbying role

A

Watts washington persuaders
Cost up to 50k/month for profesisonal lobby
Open sectret 3.3bn 2020 biggest us chamber of commerce 100mill
Infleunce decisions phrma=- 2009 aca 100 lobbyists, nra lapse in assault weapon ban 2009
Highly skilled revolving door- ie congressional bob livingston established lobby company livingston grouo pwhen left

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16
Q

Controversial aspects of professional lobbying

A

Hiring sercieves of exepensive expeirnecd individ not viable option oil- not level playong feld= paya to play
Close rleationshipo lobbyists and some members congres- unethical conduct 2006 lobby abhamoff convicted fruad
Revolving door- v well paid, feel pressure to prioristise interests of future employer over those of people they rep

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17
Q

Regulation on lobbying

A

Honest leadership and open gov act 2007
Ex senators/senior member exec wait 2y before join lobby company
Lobby prohibited from gving gifts to members of congress
Must be ful disclosure of all lobbyinst action
20009 obama exec order to expand to cover white house staff restriction on lobby

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18
Q

Courts ig

A

Influence apt, bring cases to court
Amicus briefs
Influence sc and public opinoin in court

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19
Q

Ig influence appt

A

Lobby senate, compile dossiers,
2009 lib pgs for sotomayor- w planned parenthood- yet con christian coalition and pro life operation rescue against

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20
Q

Ig bring cases to court

A

Brown v board - sponsered naacp 1954 segregation in schools
2017 gloucester county scohol board v gg- acu case concerning trans students rights in virginia

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21
Q

Ig amicus briefs obergefell

A

Ig present views in writing before oral arguments ehard
Recive 148
Roberts arrgued too many- amicus fatigue

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22
Q

Ig influence sc and public opinion in court

A

2012 sc review constitutionality obama healthcare reform= net fed independent businesses v sebelius- us chamber of commerce lead opp, moot court sessions to help prepare lawyers in advance

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23
Q

Grassroots actions and influence public opinion ig

A

Marches and demonstrations
Pr/ad campaigns
Grassroots activism
Violence and disorder

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24
Q

Marches and demonstrations ig

A

Blm street protests agianst violence by police officers towards black citixens and interrupt campaign events in 2016 and 2020 primary and caucaus

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25
Ig pr ad capign
Nra tv ad to put pressure on obama and congress not pass new guun control laws after 2012 sandy hook shooting
26
Ig grassroots activism
Postal blitzes- format sent on set day harrd to ignore when orchestrated at same time Social media made easier
27
Ig influence president
Electioneering- and superpacs ie hillary the movie citizens united Lobby pressure policy change or influence nominations/appt Provide info and expertise in key presidential agenda Ideology Naacp, naral and emilys list biden Trump appt gorsuch- nra declared as ‘an outstanding choice’ Influence fed bureaucracy- form iron triangle ie military industrial complex, lobby weapons companies, pnetagon conrgessional defecne comm- protect ojobs linked to defence in key states
28
Congressional influence by ig
Among others mentioned before Pg ai pac- senate useful target move us foriegn policuy in pro israel direction Some pg seen target individ senators trhough filibuster Limited naacp and black caucaus Times divided gov- pg can dilute legilstaion
29
Comparative uk and us ig methods
Electionerring Lobbying Sc Grassroots
30
Electioneering- ig methods comparative
Elections more frequent in usa Blacnket ban tv ad uk ppb- usa ig hilr ythe movie, god made trump No meaningful limits on spending in us elections esp with icrease superpaccs only usa Uk group ssome influence ie tu w labour- unite 8 mill 2019-20233 Sturctural us more opp than uk
31
Lobbying ig methods comparative
Both more opp us than uk Sops and fed more access points Power of whips and level party control limits in comons Limited in hhohl as minimal power comp senate
32
Using sc comparative ig
Structural codified Appt us senate confirms Culltural- us sc landmark
33
Grassroots activity comparative ig
Both secure influence through both mass odcial Both democracy and some civil disb=bedience used- extinction rebelion blm , operaion rescue, Iuk insulate block m25, us anti kavanaugh protests
34
Resources ifnluence pg succes
Resources- members money Status Methods
35
Membership influence pg success
Fortune magazine most important Large membership aarp retired pensioners over 40 mill members with lots time- can bommard congress iwth emails and phone calls before key votes Quality important- nra mobilise resources wlel- memershio highly committed Status us chamber of commerce rep leading businesses whose views unable to be ignroed
36
Money infleunce pg sucess
Lobbying adn ads expensive Pharmas 20 mill on 21st cares act 2016 or ira Pas and superpacs- lack of sucess- jeb bush right to rise 2016 goop nominations but hilary the movie and god made turmp
37
Status influence pg sucess
Who = alliance gun reform and brady comm nowhere near as sucessful as nra Sturctural power ashbee- econ importance Exertise- ama pharma
38
Methods determine sucess
Avaialbility access points- most states all 50 and all branches Local level washington alliance on gun responsibility group suceseding in changeing in state washington sucess state level Combinatoion tactics cose relationship legilsature prfessional legislatiure grassroots Extreme taxtucs operation resuce Electioneering lcv dirty dozen. Nra target indiana senator
39
Violence and disorer ig
2009 kansas doctor perform abortion fatally shot pro life- th doctor by operation rescue Extinction rebellion disrupt tactics in cblock roads and public transport
40
Pluralisn theories
Dahl- non can dominate as wide range enables compromoise
41
Elitism
Mills Small welathy group dominate Inequality
42
Hyperpluralism
Raunch So many pg compete Cannot reach agreement
43
Party decline
Increasing pg Broder
44
Limits on ig
Constitution Pluralism Equal and opposite Camapign finance reforms Legal and poressional lobbying
45
Constitutional limits on ig
Fed and sops diff but not impossible nra
46
Pluralism on ig
So many diff to dominate elitism
47
Campaign finance reform on ig
Feca and bcra limit firms influence Legal pacs 5k/candidtae/yr But superpacs
48
Legal and limits on lonbying ig
1995 lobbying disclosures act 2007 honest leadership and open gov act
49
Etv pg too powerful
Constitution Legilstaion Opp and equal forces
50
Eval us pg more powerful than political parties
Rep andp articipation Election time Policy and legilsature Sc
51
Represenatyion and participation pg more than parties
Parties broad pg narrow Rep pg nra and league of conservation voters Pro life on stance in gop but nat right to life focus on one issue- annual march to life Public disllisionmeny- 80% + memer one ig, no 3rd parties
52
Rep and participation pg mmroe than parties no
Two parties v diff 2020 Rep constituencies- yet gerryamndering
53
Election time- pg mroe parties
2002 bcra banned soft money decreasing role parties in funding election time- yet do still with superpacs 1968 mcgovern fraser report parties lost control candidate selection- 16 signif role nra 2012 Endorcsed senator= defeat lugar Broder party decline
54
Election time party more ig
Rnc and dnc members and help coop party campaigns
55
Policy and legislature- pg more party
Little coop 2p arties- obamacare gop opp Interests of ama and phrama influence ammend clause alloweing heaper improt of drugs from canada Gun control democrats opp yet hav eto conede due to nra pressure
56
Policy and legislature- no patry mroe pg
Influence policu but brief as adopt 2000 nader florida 2004 more enrviron
57
Sc pg more party
Amicus beifs 148 Appt advice sotomayer
58
Sc party than pg
Party appt candiate sways rilings ie dobbs pg minimal
59
Nra action in sc
District of columbia v heller 2008- storage of weapons Fight against restrictions on magazine cpaacity or against an assault rifle ban
60
Interest group spending support candiates
Nra 4.3 mill on trump 2020, 12.2 opp biden
61
Former congressman lobbyists
2022 453 former membrs of congress worked as lobbyist or senior advisors offer valuable info on legislative process and contxts
62
Example of influence by lobbyisst efefctive
2016 rep scott tipton introduced a bill to allow drilling in an envrionemntally sensitive area Lang of bill appeared tohave been written by oil comapny sg interests, one of top donrs
63
Ig on sc cases
Citizens united challenged fecs campaign finance laws Coalition defend affriamtiev action challneged michigans ban on aa
64
Etv that american innterest groups enhance democracy
Participation Representation Accpountability Dahl- pluralism- vast no interest groups enables diverse rangeof opinions to collaborate Mills- only wealthy insider elite ig suceed Loa- no
65
Ig enhance democracy- participation yes
Give peoopple opp to participate in polictical system- single issue- environmentalism through league of conservation voters or ducks unlimited,inc (aims promote wetlands Contribute to political debate- educate and raise awareness- esp wemotive issues- abortion ‘equal and opposte’ nat right to life or lambs of chirst (take from christian perspective) naral pro choice america or aclu (aim portect abortion rights alabama
66
Ig enhance democracy participation no
Spend vast sums money- buy voice Superpacs- esp since 2010 citizens united ruling Lobbying passive form participation- open secrets 3.3bn in 2020 Us chamber of commerce spend 100 mill on these services- a lot considereing agricultural sector spect 46 mill- fertilisers institute May threaten democracy- operation rescue pro life kill 8 doctors consduct abortion, memer lambs of chirst one doctor in 1998 Anti israel protests many jewish individ fell threatened and unsfae in country live in-
67
Ig enhance democracy- representation ues
Vested parties seek influence policuy making to represent ideological belieffs and proiiorties and benefit society- moore vs harper 2023- debated ability of state legislature to redistict - really gerrymander- without having to justify themselves to state courts- signif n carolina district redrawn race boundries- ig common cause and southern coalition for social justice Represent minority rights- obergefell v hodges case 2015- lgtq and lib groups=. Foundation for moral law Religious groups— brief for california council of churches
68
Ig enhance democracy non represenation
Amicas briefs ignored Ideologically based appt trump create 6v3 con court- virtually impossible for many lib rgoups to influence moral cases- dobbs v jackson for womens health organisation 2022 - reverse cnstitutional right to abortion Ineuqality- welathy mroe- elitism- greenpeace or extinction rebelion againnst oil companies shell alliance of western enegru companies- lonny Ig pharam rep pharam companies 2.5bn 2008-2018 to prevent strict price regilation to preserve profits Most seen with deraprim a life saving anti parasitic drug increased in price 12.5 to 750 per tablet overnight in 2015- public interest slimited
69
Ig enhance democracy- accountability ye
Protect rights and hold politiciasn to account Groups such as aclu protect civil liberties promoye lib democracy Sfu aim uphold affirmative action create equality of opportunity to college education Inform public and draw attention- nlm uncomfortable q on instituional racism exists in america Electioneering
70
Accountability no ig enhance democray
Lack accountability of leaders Blm defae statues Revolving door- formerly accountable but may act in interests of future employer
71
Emilys list
Democratic female pro choice Inc senators elizabeth warren and harris
72
Uk electioneering p
Parliament project 50:50 pal=rkianet Incourage women run elected positions Lobby political parties to select women
73
Nra spedning on electioneering
50 mill for trump and senatorial candidates

6-Politics- Paper 3- USA (16 decks)

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