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S2 PTA 105 G&D > Prenatal development > Flashcards

Prenatal development Flashcards

1
Q

Pregnancy contraindications

A
  • Increased lordosis, belly weight (20-35lbs), pain, swelling, blood pressure,
  • change in center of gravity, posture (compensatory and uncontrollable), thermoregulation
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2
Q

PTAs should be aware of (9) things in preggers

A
  1. Thermoregulation
  2. Blood volume
  3. Venus pressure in LE
  4. HR and BP baseline
  5. Preeclampsia
  6. Edema
  7. Excessive weight gain
  8. Headaches
  9. Vision disturbances
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3
Q

3 edu about preggers

A
  1. Abd muscles are compromised and affect respiratory and urinary systems
  2. Teach relaxation techniques
  3. Preggers can participate in activities and exercise, edu on BODY MECHANICS and listening to body. NO ANXIETY OR PAIN
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4
Q

Mechanisms of heredity

A
  • 23 chromosome pairs (egg+sperm)
  • 1 molecule of DNA per chromosome
  • 22 pairs are autosomes
  • 23rd pair sex chromosomes
  • more or less than 46 = developmental delays
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5
Q

Genes

A
  • regulate the development of all human characteristics and abilities
  • determine production of chemical substances that are the oundation fro characteristics and abilities
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6
Q

Genotype

A
  • complete set of genes that make up a person’s heredity
  • produce phenotypes
  • if the alleles are the same, thy typically produce that phenotype; if they are different, the dominant wins
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7
Q

Phenotype

A

Features that are produced from the interaction between genes and the environment

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8
Q

Either-or phenotypes

A

Traits that are controlled by a single gene

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9
Q

Polygenic inheritance

A

Many separate genes influence behavioral and psychological characteristics
- nature vs nurture

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10
Q

Genetics and behavior

A
  • heredity and environment interact dynamically through development
  • genes can influence the kind of environment to which a person is expose
  • environmental influences typically make children within a family different
  • *people seek ideal environments compatible with their capabilities/desires
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11
Q

3 stages of prenatal development

A

Zygote, embryo, and fetus

  • trimesters
    1. W 1-12
    2. W 13-27
    3. W 28-birth
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12
Q

Zygote stage

A

Conception to early implantation (w 1-2)

  • newly fertilized egg
  • 2 individual sets of 23 chromosomes are interchanged, one from each parent
  • ends when the zygote implants in uterine wall (blood vessel connection)
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13
Q

Embryo stage

A

Once the zygote is embedded in the uterine wall = embryo W 3-8

  • development includes:
    • umbilical cord: blood vessels allow exchange of nutrients, oxygen, vitamins, waste products
    • eyes, arms, and legs
    • brain and nervous system
    • heart started to beat around 4 weeks
  • ** most sensitive to environmental toxins aka most crucial timeframe
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14
Q

Fetal stage

A

W 9-birth

  • weighs less than an ounce and gains 7-8lbs
  • all regions of the brain grow
  • systems develop
  • movement are now obvious- bursts of activity are followed by stillness until regular activity cycles emerge (following mom’s cycle)
  • sense begin to work
  • sensory experiences form memories (taste and sound)
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15
Q

Premies

A

Age of viability 22-28 weeks

- peds use gestational age rather than true age for milestones and integration of reflexes *behind because early birth

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16
Q

Labor and delivery

A

3 stages

  1. May last 12-24 hours. Dislates to 10 cm
  2. When baby passes through the cervix and enters the vagina. Within an hour baby is delivered
  3. After birth. Placenta is delivered
17
Q

Immediate parenthood

A

Immediately after delivery breasts begin to produce milk, uterus becomes smaller, female hormones drop

  • roughly half of new mothers experience “baby blues” excitement turns to irritability and crying. Lasts about 1-2w
  • about 10-15% experience post-partum depression: irritability continues for months and is combined with feelings of low self-worth, poor appetite, and disturbed sleep
18
Q

Preterm

A

Premature: babies born before 36 weeks

19
Q

Low birth weight

A
  • low <5.5 lbs
  • very low <3.3lbs
  • extremely low <2.2lbs
20
Q

Cephalopelvic disporportion

A

?

21
Q

Irregular position

A

Shoulder or breech

22
Q

Preeclampsia

A

BP?

23
Q

Prolapsed umbilical cord

A

Can cause hypoxia

24
Q

Teratogens

A

Agents that cause abnormal prenatal development (drugs, disease, environmental hazards)

  • dependent on dose, heredity, age
    • prescription drugs: low brith weight
    • illegal drugs: ?
    • tobacco: poor ? Development
    • alcohol: physical abnormalities
25
Q

Teratogen facts

A
  • the impact of teratogens chagnes during different times of prenatal development
  • teratogens do not effect all body systems, different forms warrant different damages
  • the greater th exposure, the greater the risk for damage
  • not all damages associated with teratogens are evident and noticeable at birth
26
Q

Maternal factors

A
  1. Nutrition: weight gain of mother (25-30lbs), folic acid, ?
  2. Stress: stress hormones cross placenta
  3. Rh factor: incompatibility can cause brith defects?
  4. Maternal age: increase age = increased risk of complications
27
Q

Fetal ultrasound

A

Sound waves introduced via transducer converted into images

- determines fetus’ growth and presence of abnormalities

28
Q

Amniocentesis

A

Amniotic fluid extracted. Identifies chromosomal or genetic abnormalities

29
Q

CVS

A

?

30
Q

Spinal bífida

A

Incomplete closure of neural tube early in pregnancy

31
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome

A

FAS_ fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

  • slows physical growth
  • leads to physical abnormalities, cardiac problems, decrease motor coordination, behavioral problems, and poor cognitive functioning
32
Q

Smoking

A
  • constricts blood vessels and reduces the oxygen and nutrients that can reach the fetus via placenta
  • women that smoke are more likely to miscarry
  • babies born from smoking mothers are more likely to have low brith weight
  • second hand smoke can also cause babies to be smaller at birth

S2 PTA 105 G&D (11 decks)

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