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S2 PTA 105 G&D > Intro > Flashcards

Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Development

A

Changes in human performance dependent on maturation

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2
Q

Human development

A

Multidisciplinary study on how people change and remain the same over time

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3
Q

Human development consists of 5

A
  1. Change: progressive, reorganizational, regressive
  2. 4 processes: growth, maturation, adaptation, learning
  3. Domains: biopsychosocial, framework
  4. Characteristics: nature/nurture, continuity/dis, universal/context specific
  5. Theories
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4
Q

Growth

A

Quantitative/measureable changes that occur over time

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5
Q

Maturation

A

Qualitative changes related to growth: physical, emotional, and intellectual development

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6
Q

Learning

A

Acquisition of a new skill/behavior related to interaction with the environment: involves repetition and practice

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7
Q

Adaptation

A

Ability/process to anticipate and react to a stimulus by modification

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8
Q

Biopsychosocial framework

A
  • biological: genetics and lifestyle factors
  • psychological: cognitive, emotional, personality, perceptual factors
  • sociocultural: racial, cultural, societal, ethnic factors
  • life-cycle: differences in how the same events affect people of different ages “timing is everything”
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9
Q

Nature vs nurture

A
  • nature: influences of genetics or hereditary

- nurture: influences of experiences and environment

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10
Q

Continuity and discontinuity

A
  • Continuity: smooth progression

- discontinuity: series of abrupt shifts. Not as focused on event that caused shift, just awareness that it happened

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11
Q

Universal and context specific

A
  • universal: all follow same path of development

- context specific: interactions with environment shape development

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12
Q

Developmental theories (5)

A
  1. Psychodynamic theory
  2. Learning theory
  3. Cognitive-developmental theory
  4. Ecological & systems perspective
  5. Lifelong development perspective
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13
Q

Psychodynamic theory

A

Development is largely determined by how well people resolve conflicts at different ages. Conflict is important to form personality. Lifespan of learning

  • Freud: what i want to do and what is accceptable societal behavior
  • Erik Erickson: a personality developed by interaction of an internal maturational plan and external societal demands
  • 8 stages of life cycle
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14
Q

Erikson’s psychosocial theory

A
  1. 0-1yo: basic trust and mistrust (develop sense that world is good)
  2. 1-3 yo: autonomy vs shame and doubt ( one is an independent person who can make decisions and doubt)
  3. 3-6 yo: Initaive vs guilt (develop the ability to try new things and handle failure)
  4. 6 - ado: industry vs. inferiority (learn basic skills and to work with others)
  5. Ado: identity vs id confusion (develop lasting integrated sense of self)
  6. Young ado: intimacy vs isolation (commit to another in loving relationship
  7. Mid adult: generativity vs stagnation (contribute to young people)
  8. Late life: integrity vs despair (life is satisfactory and worth living)
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15
Q

Learning theory

A

Development determined by learning from experiences or from observation

  • BF Skinner: behaviorism (direct consequence of behavior of individual). Operant vs classical conditioning
  • blandura: social learning theory - people learn appropriate behaviors by imitation; self efficacy determines what behaviors are imitation
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16
Q

Operant vs classical learning

A
  • Operant: consequences of behavior determine if behavior is repeated in the future
  • classical: response to stimuli. Pavlov’s puppers.
  • patient is muscle guarding and ready for pain even tho treatment hasn’t even started
17
Q

Cognitive-developmental theory

A

Focused on how people think and how thinking changes over time

  • piaget’s theory
  • information-processing theory
  • vygotsky’s theory
18
Q

Piaget’s theory

A

Children develop cognitively through environmental interactions which leads to more sophisticated understanding and reasoning; adaption is key

  1. Sensorimotor: need exploration 0-2 yo
  2. Preoperational thought: language and make believe play 2-6 yo
  3. Concrete operational thought: very logical and superficial. No application of knowledge
  4. Formal operational thought: more abstract, how things relate
19
Q

Information-processing theory

A

Developmental chagnes reflective of mental hardware (congnitive structures that allow storage of information) and mental software (cognitive processes that allow completion of tasks). Includes inclines and declines

20
Q

Vygotsky’s theory

A

Emphasized sociocultural influences on thinking; children develop by learning values, customs, and cultural beliefs from adults (grandparents, parents, teachers, etc.)

  • learn through cultural demands, goals, expectations
  • every culture learns different pace and things
21
Q

Ecological and systems theory

A

Focused on the complex, multi-level environmental influences on development

  • bronfenbrenner’s theory
  • competence-environmental press theory
22
Q

Bronfenbrenner’s theory

A

Development within a series of interactive systems
1. Microsystem: immediate environment
2. Mesosystem: connections between Microsystems
3. Ecosystem: social settings that do not include person
.4 macrosystem: cultures and subcultures

23
Q

Lifelong development theory

A

Considers development as lifelong

  • life-span theory
  • selective optimization with compensation model
  • life-course perspective
24
Q

Life-span perspective

A

Human development is multidetermined and cannot be understood within the scope of a single framework

  1. Multidirectionality involves both growth and decline (different rates and amounts)
  2. Plasticity: skills can be learned or improved with practice (negative or positive)
  3. Historical context: influence of historical time and culture
  4. Multiple causation: influences of biopsychococial framework aka everything
25
Q

Selective optimization with compensation model

A

Three processes that generate and regulate behaviors as a person ages for successful adaption

  1. Selection: from a range of opportunities or possibilities; may involve change in goals
  2. Compensation: goals stay the same by an alternative way to c=achieve the goal is needed
  3. Optimization: best match possible between resources and desired goals
26
Q

Life-course perspective

A

Considers generational experiences in relation to respective historical contexts

27
Q

Characteristics of development

A

Nature vs nurture
Continuity and discontinuity
Universal and context specific

S2 PTA 105 G&D (11 decks)

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