Middle childhood part 2 Flashcards
Concrete operational stage
- piaget’s 3rd stage
- improved logical thought
- improved attention
- selective and adaptive
- memory strategies
- improved reading and writing skill
Concrete - operational period
7-11 years of age
- children become less egocentric
- children are able to reverse their thinking because they have acquired mental operations, which are actions that can be perfemorned on objects or ideas, and that consistently yield a result
- thinking is limited to the tangible and real
Formal - operation period
11-adulthood
- adolescents are able to apply psychological operations to abstract entities
- using deductive reasoning, adolescents understand that conclusions are based on facts
Information-processing strategies for learning and remembering
Psychologists focus on the means by which children store information in permanent memory and retrieve it when needed later
- rehearsal
- organization
- elaboration
Metacognition
Effective use of strategies for learning and remembering begins with an analysis of the goals of any learning task and includes monitoring one’s performance
- metamemory
- metacogivitve knowledge
Language
Shift from language development to language awareness
- rapport talk: informal; language of conversation. Girls > boys
- report talk: formal; language of giving information. Boy > girls
Cognitive self-regulation
Monitor performance in mental activity and redirect when necessary
Dreading development
- the foundations of reading include letter recognition and phonological awareness
- recognizing words: the first step in actual reading is identifying individual words. Words are recognized through direct retrieval from long-term memory
- comprehension: once individual words are recognized, reading begins to have a lot in common with understanding speech
- several factors contribute to improved comprehension: children become more skilled at recognizing words, allowing effort to be devoted to comprehension. Experience
Writing development
- knowledge about topics
- organizing writing: knowledge-telling strategy and knowledge-transforming strategy
- the mechanical requirements of writing: effective revising requires bending able to detect problems and knowing how to correct them, skills that improved with age and experience
Theories of intelligence
?
Intelligence testing
?
Gifted vs. disability
?
Self-understanding
- understanding who we are (physical, behavioral, etc.)
- develops from experiences and comparisons made to others
- self-esteem: academic competence, social competence, physical/athletic competence, and physical appearance
Peer relationships
- strong desire for group belonging (peer group)
- development of true friendships (1-3 others kids)
Moral development
- perspective taking: step into someone else’s shoes
- understanding reasons behind social conventions
