Development in adolescence Flashcards
Adolescence
- derived from Latin word adolescence which means to grow in maturity or grow into adulthood
- the individual changes from being child-like to being adult-like
- a period of self-examination and emerging identity
- physical onset of adolescence is marked by the changes that occur during puberty
Puberty
Biological events leading to adult-sized body and sexual maturity
Rate of development
At puberty is more raped than at any other time of life except infancy
Onset:
- girls 10 years
- boys 12 years
Changes during puberty
- height: 10-12 inches
- weight: 50-75 lbs
- influencers: hormones, genetics, nutrition
Growth hormone
- stimulates cell replications and cell growth
- targets many cells in body. Preferential to bone and muscle cells
Testosterone/estrogen
- stimulates sexual maturity
- primary sex characteristics: reproductive organ development
- secondary sex characteristics: external signs of reproductive development
Girls
- peak growth spurt achieved around 10-13.5 years
- peak muscle performance spurt 11-14 years
- pelvis and pelvic outlet widens to ready for child-bearing
- increased fat deposition
Boys
- peak growth spurt achieved around 14 years
- peak muscular development spurt around 16 years
- increased growth in shoulders
- increased muscle deposition
- adult stature reached around 15.5 years
Hormones (genetic)
Heredity contributes significantly to the timing of biological changes that occur in puberty
Hormones (nutrition)
- adipose tissue stimulates start of puberty
- adipose tissue delays the start of puberty
- during peak growth spurt boys require 2700 cal/day and girls require 2200 cal/day (dependent on body comp, growth rate, and activity level)
End of puberty
- no distinct, agreed upon end of puberty
- possible markers: closure of epiphyseal plates and maximum height/adult stature achieved
Fine motor skills
- negligible development in adolescence
- smooth, fluid arm and hand movemnts
Gross motor skills
- refined calibration of movements
- refined and matured bilateral coordination of skills
Motor skill development
- changes in motor skill performance correlate with physical growth
- differences in physical performance for both genders are significantly affected by training
Exercise guidelines
Per CDC for teens
- 60+ min of daily physical activity
- 3 days/week mm strengthening
- 3 days/week bone strengthening
- 3 days/week aerobic activities
Piaget’s 4 stage
Formal operational stage
- developed ability for abstract, systematic, and scientific thinking
- dont need concrete items or objects
- can evaluate logical statements without referring to real-world circumstances
- cognitive skills allow for the transfer and adaptation of previously learned tasks to new environments
- improved temporal organization
Temporal organization
Ability to understand sequencing of time and plan an activity from start to finish
Information processing
During ado
- adult-like working memory, cognitive processing, and speed
- adult-like knowledge and understanding: indirectly increases cognitive processing; as content knowledge increases, adolescents become more skilled at indetifying appropriate strategies for a specific task
- problem solving more readily and analytically: better skilled at finding weaknesses in an argument, but dont always use skills efficiently
Perspective taking
More complex thinking can lead to a distorted image of self and others
- teenagers become quite concerned with what others think of them
- 5 stages of perspective-taking
1. Undifferentiated
2. Social-informational
3. Self-reflective
4. Third person
5. Societal
Altered decision making
- decreased rational thinking during decisions
- limited ability to assess/predict possible outcomes
- learning from mistakes to influence future decisions
- limited ability to consider alternatives
- emphasize short-term goals
Vision of self
Becomes more complex, well organized, and more consistent with strengths and limitations
Self esteem
Changes typically linked to peer relationships and athletic capacities
- varied community and extra-curricular activities give adolescents the apportunity to explore values and responsibilities
Need for autonomy
A sense of oneself as a …
Phases/statuses
- diffusion
- foreclosure
- moratorium
- achievement
Adolescent egocentrism
The self-absorption that marks the teenage years
Imaginary audience
The believe they are the focus of everyone else’s attention, belief that they are constantly being watched
Personal fable
An inflated view of their own importance; their experience and feelings are unique
Influences on adolescent development
- peers - parents - media - ability to understand others
Relationships and sexuality
- intimacy, trust, and support are important
- higher self-esteem and confidence linked to being involved in a romantic relationship
- sexual behavior dominates thinking: different meaning for boys vs girls, STDs, pregnancy, sex-ed
Workforce
- career development begins during adolescence
- crystallization occurs at about 13-14 years
- at 18, teens enter specification
- in early 20s, implementation occurs
- most American adolescents have part-time jobs
Drug use
- 2/3 of seniors report alcohol use
- 1/3 teens report experiments with cigs
Depression
Suicide is the third most frequent cause of death in US adolescents
Delinquency
- adolescent limited antisocial behavior
- life-course persistent antisocial behavior
- prevention
