Prenatal Flashcards
what are the 3 stages of prenatal growth
egg
embryo
fetus
when does the period of the egg occurs and what happen during
First 2 weeks after fertilization
● Rapid cell division in sequence:
1) Morula
2) Blastocyst
3) Implantation
4) Differentiation of cellular layers
when is the period of the embryo and what happen during this stage
week 3 to 8
Rapid growth continues
● Differentiation of stem cells into specific cell types
● Totipotent (whole)
● Pluripotent (many)
● Multipotent (several)
● Organization of cell types into tissues –> organs
différentions of stem cells into specific cell type occurs in which stage of prenatal growth
embryo
by end of which period all basic anatomic and physiologic features established
embryo
when does period of fetus occurs and what happen
Weeks 9 –> 40
● Gestation can vary from 38 –> 42 weeks
● Rapid growth
● Changes in proportions
Functional development of:
● Tissues
● Organs
● Systems
what is the shape of the curve of weight gain over time
sigmoid curve
_% of birth weight at week 20 (half-term) vs.
_ % length at week 20
10-12
50
what is the precursors of postnatal behaviors
fetal motor behavior
what are the fetal motor activity
Neuromuscular changes, Primary reflexes, Muscle tone, Reactivity, Motility, Sensorimotor behaviour
what are the 2 distinct groups for low birth weight
- pre term: physiological immaturity
small-for-date (SGA): intrauterine growth retardation or fetal growth restriction
Low birthweight has significance for postnatal growth:
- shorter status during childhood and at maturity and
− possible deficiencies in neuromuscular coordination and power.
what is the most common cause of a spontaneous abortion
chromosomal abnormalities.
factors that are not proven to cause miscarriage
sex, working outside the home (unless in a harmful environment) or moderate exercise
Which period is most critical with respect to genetic malformations?
embryo
Placental factors relate to
Circulation and the transport of nutrients from placenta to fetus.
Fetal factors relate to
− The utilization of available nutrients.
Maternal factors relate to
The mothers overall nutritional status
− Especially the adequacy of energy and nutrient intake and weight gain during pregnancy.
what is teratogens
an environmental agent that causes harm to the embryo or
● Amount of harm is a function of:
− Baby’s genetic makeup
− Amount of exposure
− Time / Duration of exposure
fetus”.
Dose response of maternal smoking, deficits in weight & length range from:
70g;0.7cm -> 9 cigarette daily
210g; 1.0cm -> 20 cigarettes daily
maternal Alcohol consumption associated with:
fetal growth restriction,
− abnormal facial development, and
− impairment of the CNS.
dose-response effect of maternal alcohol consumption
≤ 2 drinks per day = 65 g weight loss,
− ≥ 2 drinks per day = 150 g weight loss
effect of moderate physical activity during pregnancy
Has no negative effect on fetal development.
− Benefits for the mother are well documented and
what can be screen for this pregnancy
Cystic fibrosis
● Duchenne muscular dystrophy
● Polycystic kidney disease
● Sickle cell disease
● Tay-Sachs disease
● Thalassemia
● Down syndrome
which type of reflex are critical to ensuring nourishment and protection.
primitive
which type of reflex are considered the basis for more complex voluntary movement of later infancy.
postural
infant reflexe occurs when
Dominate movement during latter half of pregnancy and
first four months of infancy.
what are the infants reflexes and when do they disappear
Sucking reflex
− Search or rooting reflex
− Labyrinthine reflex
− Exceptions include the parachuting reflexes.
-> first year of age
which type of reflex dominate the first 6 month and what is their role
primitive and ensure survival
primitive reflexe are
produced subcortically.
− Occur in all normally developing newborns
− Appear during gestation and at birth to 6 months of age
− Used predominantly for protection, nutrition or survival.
− Remember: Sucking reflex, Rooting reflex, Labyrinthine reflex.
name some primitive reflexe
Sucking (to 3 mo.)
● Search (to 3 mo.)
● Babinski (to 4 mo.)
● Palmar grasp (to 4 mo.)
Asymmetric tonic neck (2 to 3 mo.)
Symmetric tonic neck (3 mo.) Palmar mandibular (to 3 mo.) Palmar mental (to 3 mo.)
Moro (3 to 6 mo.)
Startle (starting from 6 to 9 mo.
Enduring to 1 year) Plantar grasp (to 1 yr.)
name some postural reflexe
Swimming (2 weeks to 5 mo.)
Head-righting (1 to 6 mo.)
Labyrinthine (2-3 mo. to 1 yr.)
Crawling (to 3-4 mo.) Pull-up (3 mo. to 1 yr.)
Parachuting down (4 mo. +) Stepping (to 5-6 mo.)
Body-righting (5 mo. to 1 yr.)
Side (7 mo. +) Back (11 mo. +)
postural reflexe are produce where
cortically (higher brain center)
what are the most commonly used reflexe for determining neurological maturation
moro reflex and asymmetrical tonic neck reflex
what are the reflexes used to monitor motor function
Milani Comparetti Neuromotor Development,
− Primitive Reflex Profile
T/F Fluctuations from the normal timeline are common, severe deviations are not and may indicate a neurological problem
T
what are stereotypes, where are they exhibited and when do they occurred
are rhythmic, patterned, centrally controlled movement behavior of infancy
Stereotypies can be exhibited in lower or upper extremities, head and neck, or torso.
Number of stereotypies and frequency of occurrence is greatest from 2 to 42 weeks and then diminishes
apparently not learned through imitation or a consequence of external stimuli
