Prenatal

Question 1

what are the 3 stages of prenatal growth

Answer 1

egg
embryo
fetus

Question 2

when does the period of the egg occurs and what happen during

Answer 2

First 2 weeks after fertilization
● Rapid cell division in sequence:
1) Morula
2) Blastocyst
3) Implantation
4) Differentiation of cellular layers

Question 3

when is the period of the embryo and what happen during this stage

Answer 3

week 3 to 8

Rapid growth continues
● Differentiation of stem cells into specific cell types
● Totipotent (whole)
● Pluripotent (many)
● Multipotent (several)
● Organization of cell types into tissues –> organs

Question 4

différentions of stem cells into specific cell type occurs in which stage of prenatal growth

Answer 4

embryo

Question 5

by end of which period all basic anatomic and physiologic features established

Answer 5

embryo

Question 6

when does period of fetus occurs and what happen

Answer 6

Weeks 9 –> 40
● Gestation can vary from 38 –> 42 weeks
● Rapid growth
● Changes in proportions
Functional development of:
● Tissues
● Organs
● Systems

Question 7

what is the shape of the curve of weight gain over time

Answer 7

sigmoid curve

Question 8

_% of birth weight at week 20 (half-term) vs.
_ % length at week 20

Answer 8

10-12
50

Question 9

what is the precursors of postnatal behaviors

Answer 9

fetal motor behavior

Question 10

what are the fetal motor activity

Answer 10

Neuromuscular changes, Primary reflexes, Muscle tone, Reactivity, Motility, Sensorimotor behaviour

Question 11

what are the 2 distinct groups for low birth weight

Answer 11

• pre term: physiological immaturity
  small-for-date (SGA): intrauterine growth retardation or fetal growth restriction

Question 12

Low birthweight has significance for postnatal growth:

Answer 12

• shorter status during childhood and at maturity and
  − possible deficiencies in neuromuscular coordination and power.

Question 13

what is the most common cause of a spontaneous abortion

Answer 13

chromosomal abnormalities.

Question 14

factors that are not proven to cause miscarriage

Answer 14

sex, working outside the home (unless in a harmful environment) or moderate exercise

Question 15

Which period is most critical with respect to genetic malformations?

Answer 15

embryo

Question 16

Placental factors relate to

Answer 16

Circulation and the transport of nutrients from placenta to fetus.

Question 17

Fetal factors relate to

Answer 17

− The utilization of available nutrients.

Question 18

Maternal factors relate to

Answer 18

The mothers overall nutritional status
− Especially the adequacy of energy and nutrient intake and weight gain during pregnancy.

Question 19

what is teratogens

Answer 19

an environmental agent that causes harm to the embryo or
● Amount of harm is a function of:
− Baby’s genetic makeup
− Amount of exposure
− Time / Duration of exposure
fetus”.

Question 20

Dose response of maternal smoking, deficits in weight & length range from:

Answer 20

70g;0.7cm -> 9 cigarette daily
210g; 1.0cm -> 20 cigarettes daily

Question 21

maternal Alcohol consumption associated with:

Answer 21

fetal growth restriction,
− abnormal facial development, and
− impairment of the CNS.

Question 22

dose-response effect of maternal alcohol consumption

Answer 22

≤ 2 drinks per day = 65 g weight loss,
− ≥ 2 drinks per day = 150 g weight loss

Question 23

effect of moderate physical activity during pregnancy

Answer 23

Has no negative effect on fetal development.
− Benefits for the mother are well documented and

Question 24

what can be screen for this pregnancy

Answer 24

Cystic fibrosis
● Duchenne muscular dystrophy
● Polycystic kidney disease
● Sickle cell disease
● Tay-Sachs disease
● Thalassemia
● Down syndrome

Question 25

which type of reflex are critical to ensuring nourishment and protection.

Answer 25

primitive

Question 26

which type of reflex are considered the basis for more complex voluntary movement of later infancy.

Answer 26

postural

Question 27

infant reflexe occurs when

Answer 27

Dominate movement during latter half of pregnancy and
first four months of infancy.

Question 28

what are the infants reflexes and when do they disappear

Answer 28

Sucking reflex
− Search or rooting reflex
− Labyrinthine reflex
− Exceptions include the parachuting reflexes.

-> first year of age

Question 29

which type of reflex dominate the first 6 month and what is their role

Answer 29

primitive and ensure survival

Question 30

primitive reflexe are

Answer 30

produced subcortically.
− Occur in all normally developing newborns
− Appear during gestation and at birth to 6 months of age
− Used predominantly for protection, nutrition or survival.
− Remember: Sucking reflex, Rooting reflex, Labyrinthine reflex.

Question 31

name some primitive reflexe

Answer 31

Sucking (to 3 mo.)
● Search (to 3 mo.)
● Babinski (to 4 mo.)
● Palmar grasp (to 4 mo.)
Asymmetric tonic neck (2 to 3 mo.)
Symmetric tonic neck (3 mo.) Palmar mandibular (to 3 mo.) Palmar mental (to 3 mo.)
Moro (3 to 6 mo.)
Startle (starting from 6 to 9 mo.
Enduring to 1 year) Plantar grasp (to 1 yr.)

Question 32

name some postural reflexe

Answer 32

Swimming (2 weeks to 5 mo.)
Head-righting (1 to 6 mo.)
Labyrinthine (2-3 mo. to 1 yr.)
Crawling (to 3-4 mo.) Pull-up (3 mo. to 1 yr.)
Parachuting down (4 mo. +) Stepping (to 5-6 mo.)
Body-righting (5 mo. to 1 yr.)
Side (7 mo. +) Back (11 mo. +)

Question 33

postural reflexe are produce where

Answer 33

cortically (higher brain center)

Question 34

what are the most commonly used reflexe for determining neurological maturation

Answer 34

moro reflex and asymmetrical tonic neck reflex

Question 35

what are the reflexes used to monitor motor function

Answer 35

Milani Comparetti Neuromotor Development,
− Primitive Reflex Profile

Question 36

T/F Fluctuations from the normal timeline are common, severe deviations are not and may indicate a neurological problem

Answer 36

T

Question 37

what are stereotypes, where are they exhibited and when do they occurred

Answer 37

are rhythmic, patterned, centrally controlled movement behavior of infancy

Stereotypies can be exhibited in lower or upper extremities, head and neck, or torso.
Number of stereotypies and frequency of occurrence is greatest from 2 to 42 weeks and then diminishes
apparently not learned through imitation or a consequence of external stimuli