Prenatal Flashcards
– also known as conception, is the process by which sperm and ovum (sex cells) combine to create a single cell called zygote, which then duplicates itself again and again by cell division.
o Fertilization
– rupture of mature follicle in either ovary and expulsion of its ovum which occurs every month until menopause
o Ovulation
also known as Fraternal Twins
o Dizygotic Twins
– resulted from the cleaving of one fertilized egg and are generally genetically identical
o Monozygotic Twins
genetic transmission of heritable characteristics from parents to offspring
o Heredity
– long, spiraling ladder whose steps are made of pairs of chemical units called bases
o Deoxyribonucleic Acid
coils of DNA of smaller segments called genes
o Chromosomes
cell division of non-sex cells
o Mitosis
cell division of sex cells
o Meiosis
mistake in copying genetic code which creates permanent alteration in genetic material
o Mutation
not affiliated to sexual expression
o Autosomes
23rd pair which indicates the baby’s sex (XX, female: XY, male)
o Sex Chromosomes
produce alternative expressions of characteristics
o Alleles
if two alleles are the same
o Homozygous
if two alleles are different
o Heterozygous
– allele that is always expressed or shows up as a trait in that person
o Dominant
– usually doesn’t show unless paired with another recessive trait
o Recessive
– interaction of several genes
o Polygenetic Inheritance
observable characteristics
o Phenotype
underlying genetic makeup
o Genotype
environment can influence when and which genes turn on and off
o Epigenesis
Extra copy of chromosome 21
Down Syndrome
Extra X Chromosome (XXY)
Klinefelter Syndrome
Abnormality in X chromosome causes ID
Fragile X Syndrome
Missing X chromosome for females
Turner Syndrome
Extra Y chromosome
XXY Syndrome
Overproduction of mucus in the lungs and digestive tract
Cystic Fibrosis
Does not produce enough insulin
Diabetes
Delayed blood clotting
Hemophilia
CNS deteriorates producing problem in muscles and mental decline
Huntington’s
Build up of Phenylalanine in the body
Phenylketonuria
Limits body oxygen supply
Sickle-Cell Anemia
Incompletely closed spinal canal
Spina Bifida
Accumulation of lipids in the NS
Tay-Sachs Disease
Absence of brain tissue
Anencephaly
Enlarged Kidneys
Polycystic Kidney Disease
Cirrhosis of the liver in early infancy
Alpha antitrypsin Deficiency
Severe Anemia; nearly all die soon after birth
Alpha Thalassemia
Severe Anemia; fatal in adolescence or Young adulthood
Beta Thalassemia (Cooley’s Anemia)
Males with muscle weakness, minor mental retardation
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
carry one bad copy of recessive gene and one good one
o Carriers
effects of similar environment conditions on genetically different individuals
o Genotype-Environment Interaction
environment often reinforces genetic differences
o Genotype-Environment Correlation
parents tend to provide environment that encourages the development of that trait
a. Passive Correlations:
children with differing genetic makeups evoke different reactions from others, other people react to the children’s genetic makeup
b. Reactive or Evocative:
actively selects or create experiences consistent with their genetic tendencies
c. Active:
– tendency to seek out environments compatible with one’s genotype
Niche-Picking
– result from the unique environment in which each child in a family grows up
o Nonshared Environmental
inability to conceive a child
o Infertility
– eggs and sperm are combined in a laboratory dish
o In Vitro Fertilization
– high frequency sound waves are directed into the pregnant woman’s abdomen
No risk to the woman or fetus
Detect abnormalities, no. of fetuses, and sex
- Ultrasound Sonography
uses powerful magnet and radio images to generate detailed images of the body’s organs and structures
- Fetal MRI
– small sample of placenta is removed
Small risk of limb deformity
- Chorionic Villus Sampling
– sample of amniotic fluid is withdrawn and tested for chromosomal and metabolic disorders
- Amniocentesis
– identifies pregnancies that have an elevated risk for birth defects
- Maternal Blood Screening
period between conception and birth
Between 37 and 41 weeks
o Gestation
dated from the first day of an expectant mother’s last menstrual cycle
Gestational Age
development proceeds from head to the lower extremities
Cephalocaudal Principle
development proceeds from the center to outer parts of the body
o Proximodistal
Tender, Swollen breasts or nipples
Fatigue
Slight bleeding or cramping
Food Cravings
Nausea with or without vomiting
Frequent Urination
Frequent, Mild Headaches
Constipation
Mood Swings
Faintness and Dizziness
Raised Basal Body Temperature
Early Signs and Symptoms of Pregnancy
o From fertilization to about 2 weeks of gestational age
o Zygote enters into cell division (mitosis) while making its way to the fallopian tube
Germinal Stage
– specialization of the cells to perform various tasks
o Differentiation
fluid-filled sphere which floats freely in the uterus until 6th day after fertilization then it implants itself in the uterine wall
o Blastocyst
– outer layer of cells that later provides nutrition and support for the embryo
o Trophoblast
outer layer (becomes outer layers of skin, nails, hair, teeth, sensory organs, and the nervous system)
o Ectoderm
outer layer (becomes outer layers of skin, nails, hair, teeth, sensory organs, and the nervous system)
o Ectoderm
inner layer (becomes digestive system)
o Endoderm
– middle layer (becomes inner layers of skin, muscles, skeleton, and excretory and circulatory systems
o Mesoderm
encloses the developing embryo, protecting it and giving it a room and grow
o Amniotic Sacs –
allows oxygen, nourishment, and wastes to pass between mother and embryo
o Placenta
– connects the embryo to the placenta
o Umbilical Cord
o From 2 to 8 weeks (First 2 months)
Embryonic Period
o Major body systems (respiratory, digestive, and nervous system) develop known as
Organogenesis
most vulnerable to destructive influences
o Critical Period
– expulsion from the uterus of an embryo that is unable to survive outside the womb
o Spontaneous Abortion (Miscarriage)
miscarriage occurred after 20 weeks of gestation (approx. 5 months)
o Stillbirth
o From 8 weeks to Birth
o Appearance of the first bone cells
o Final stage of gestation
o Grows rapidly to about 20x its previous length
o Finishing touches
o Breathe, kick, turn, etc.
o Facial expressions of pain at 36 weeks
o Responds to mother’s voice
Fetal Period
– environmental agent that can interfere with normal prenatal development
o Teratogen
field of study that investigates the causes of birth defects
o Teratology
o Results to fetal growth restriction and low birth weight
Malnutrition
caused stunted limbs, facial deformities, and defective organs
o Thalidomide
sleep disturbance, tremors, difficulty regulating the body, irritability, crying and etc.
o Neonate Abstinence Syndrome
characterized by a combination of retarded growth, face and body malformations, and disorders of the central nervous system
o Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
– caused by parasite in the bodies of cattle, sheep, and pigs, and in the intestinal tracts of cats that causes fetal brain damage, severely impaired eyesight, seizures, miscarriage, etc.
o Toxoplasmosis
fetal DNA is extracted from the mother’s blood and tested for early detection of genetic problems
o Prenatal cell-free DNA Scans
process of giving birth
o Labor
series of uterine, cervical, and other changes which begins 2 weeks before the delivery
o Parturition
series of uterine, cervical, and other changes which begins 2 weeks before the delivery
o Parturition
false contractions
o Braxton-Hicks Contractions
profession that provides health care to women during pregnancy, birth, and even postpartum period
o Midwifery
caregiver who provides continuous physical, emotional, and educational support for the mother before, during, and after childbirth
o Doula
used to track the fetus’ heartbeat during labor and delivery and to indicate how the fetal heart is responding to the stress of uterine contractions
o Electronic Fetal Monitoring
o Three kinds of drugs are used for labor:
Analgesia
Anesthesia
Oxytocin
– pain reliever such as tranquilizers, barbiturates, and narcotics
a. Analgesia
used in the late first stage labor and during delivery to block sensation in an area of the body or to block consciousness
b. Anesthesia
– regional anesthesia that blocks the lower part of the body
Epidural Block
vaginal anesthesia
Pudendal Block
hormone that promotes contraction (Pitocin)
c. Oxytocin
method that aims to reduce the mother’s pain by decreasing her fear by providing information about childbirth and teaching her and her partner to use breathing methods and relaxation techniques during delivery
o Natural Childbirth
husbands as coaches, relation for easier birth and prenatal nutrition and exercise
o Bradley Method
– special breathing technique to control pushing in the final stages of labor
o Prepared Childbirth or Lamaze method
usual childbirth
o Vaginal Delivery
baby is removed from the mother’s uterus through an incision made in her abdomen
o Cesarean Delivery o Cesarean Delivery
baby’s buttocks are the first part to emerge from the vagina which can cause respiratory problems
Breech Position
widely used to assess the health of newborns at 1-5 mins after birth
o APGAR Scale
– performed within 24-36 hrs after birth to assess neurological development, reflexes, and reactions
o Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale
assessment of the newborn’s behavior, neurological and stress response, and regulatory capacities
o Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NICUNNS)
- check for rare genetic, hormone-related, and metabolic conditions that can cause serious health problems
o Newborn Screening for Medical Conditions
where the bones of the skull don’t meet
o Fontanels
fuzzy prenatal hair
o Lanugo
oily protection against infection that dries within the first few days
o Vernix Caseosa –
oily protection against infection that dries within the first few days
o Vernix Caseosa
lack of oxygen
o Anoxia
reduced oxygen supply
o Hypoxia
stringy, greenish-black waste matter formed in the fetal intestinal tract
o Meconium
skin and eyeballs look yellow caused by immaturity of the liver
o Neonatal Jaundice
weigh less than 5 pounds and 8 ounces at birth
o Low Birth Weight Infants
less than 3 pounds 4 ounces
Very Low birth Weight
less than 2 pounds
Extremely Low Birth
born three weeks or more before pregnancy reach full term (before the completion of 37 weeks of gestation)
o Pre-term Infants
those whose birth weight is below normal when the length of pregnancy is considered
o Small for Date Infants (Small for Gestational Age Infants)
– might help in reducing preterm birth
o Progestin
born less than 28 weeks gestation
o Extremely Preterm
less than 33 weeks
o Very Preterm
involves skin-to-skin contact in which the baby, wearing only diaper, is held upright against the parent’s bare chest to help stabilize the preterm’s heartbeat, temp, and breathing
o Kangaroo Care
o One condition commonly faced by preterm babies is _____ wherein there is a lack of surfactant (lung-coating substance) that keeps air sacs from collapsing
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
tend to be long and this because they have kept growing in the womb but have had an insufficient blood supply toward the end of gestation
o Postmature Babies
crib death; sudden death of an infant under age 1 which cause of death remains unexplained
o Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
o Period after childbirth
o Lasts for about 6 weeks or until the mother’s body has completed the adjustment and returned to nearly prepregnant state
Postpartum Period
o Loss of sleep that the primary caregiver experiences during this period
o Sudden and dramatic hormone production
o Estrogen and progesterone levels drop steeply and remain low until the ovaries start producing again
Physical Adjustment
– 2-3 days after birth they feel depressed, anxious, and upset
o Postpartum Blues
– involves a major depressive episode that typically occurs about four weeks after delivery or at least a two-week period of having trouble coping with their daily task
o Postpartum Depression
o Formation of connection, especially a physical bond between parents and the newborn in the period shortly after birth
o Newborn MUST have close contact with the mother in the first few days of like to develop optimally is NOT true
Bonding
