Infancy Flashcards
growth starts from the top part of the body (i.e., brain to foot)
o Cephalocaudal Principle
growth proceed from the center of the body outward (e.g., Palm (grasping) to fingers)
o Proximodistal Principle
o Children grow faster during
first 3 years
o Teething usually begins
around 3-4 months
o Growth slows in
second year of life
o Growth isn’t often smooth and continuous but rather ?
episodic, occurring in spurts
o– brain’s growth occurs in fits and starts
Brain Growth Spurts
(maintains balance and motor coordination) grows the fastest during the first year of life
Cerebellum
specialization of the hemispheres
o Lateralization
concerned with language and logical thinking
o Left Hemisphere
concerned with visual and spatial functions
o Right Hemisphere
– tough band of tissue that joins the two hemisphere which allows them to share info and coordinate commands
o Corpus Callosum
smallest; concerned with visual processing
o Occipital
involved with integrating sensory info from the body; movement and manipulation of objects
o Parietal
interpret smells and sounds and involved in memory
o Temporal
involved in high-order processes such as reasoning and problem solving
o Frontal Lobe
– outer surface of the cerebrum; grows rapidly in the first few months and are mature by age 6 months
o Cerebral Cortex
o Brain Growth Spurt begins at
about the third trimester of gestation and continues until at least the 4th year of life
send and receive info in the brain
o Neurons
nourish and protect the neurons
o Glia or Glial Cells
– sends signals to other neurons
o Axon
receive incoming messages
o Dendrites
tiny gaps which are bridged with the help of chemicals
o Synapses
neurons that control various groups of muscle coordinate their activities
Integration
each neuron takes on a specific, specialized structure and function
o Differentiation
pruning of cells which is a way to calibrate the developing brain to the local environment and help it work more efficiently, beings during the prenatal period and continues after birth
o Cell Death
enables signals to travel faster and more smoothly by coating the neural pathways with myelin
o Myelination
biological process and environmental conditions influences development, the brain is
o Neuroconstructivist View
– automatic, innate response to stimulation which are controlled by the lower brain centers that govern involuntary processes
o Reflex Behavior
includes sucking, rooting, and the Moro reflex are related to instinctive needs for survival and protection or may support the early connection to the caregiver
o Primitive reflexes
– reactions to changes in position or balance
o Postural Reflexes
resemble voluntary movements that do not appear until months after the reflexes have disappeared
o Locomotor Reflex
o Early Reflexes Disappear during
first 6-12 months
Extend legs, arms, and fingers, arches back, draws back head
Moro
Make strong fist
Darwinian (grasping)
Fencer Position
Tonic Neck
Mouth opens, eyes close, neck flexes, head tilts forward
Babkin
Toes fan out; foot twist in
Babinski
Head turns, mouth opens, sucking begins
Rooting
Steplike motions
Walking
Swimming movements
Swimming
o Sense of smell and taste begin to develop
in the womb
is the first sense to develop, the most mature sensory system for the first several months
o Touch
develops rapidly after birth
o Auditory Discrimination
Infant’s brain responds preferentially to speech
at 4 months
Is the least developed sense at birth
Vision
the use of both eyes to focus
Binocular Vision
o Infants like attractive faces T or F?
True
o Sleep restores, replenishes, and rebuilds our brains and bodies T or F?
True
all animals sleep and this sleep is necessary for survival (to protect themselves at night)
o Evolutionary Perspective
sleep replenishes and rebuilds the brain and the body such as clearing out neural tissues
o Restorative Perspective
sleep is critical for brain plasticity, i.e., increases synaptic connections between neurons which is linked to improved consolidation of memories
o Plasticity Perspective
Newborns sleep approx. 18 hrs/day T or F?
True bakit? tanga ka ba
no eye movement and sleep is more quiet
o Non-REM Sleep
the eyes flutter beneath the closed lids
▪ Usually appears 1 hr after non-rem (adults)
o Rapid Eye Movement (REM Sleep)
There is a Negative link between infant sleep and cognitive functioning T or F
False, Positive link tanga ka ba?
used to chart progress between ages 1 month and 6 years and to identify children who are not developing normally
o Denver Developmental Screening Test
(▪ Measures Gross Motor Skills (using large muscles), Fine Motor Skills (using small muscles), Language Development, Personality, and Social Development )
helps babies learn to judge distances and perceive depth
o Crawling
babies learn to look at caregivers for clues as to whether a situation is secure or frightening
o Social Referencing
enable infants to learn about themselves and their environment so they can make better judgements about how to navigate in it
o Sensory Perception
– the use of eyes to guide the movements of the hands
o Visual Guidance
the ability to perceive objects and surfaces in three dimensions
o Depth Perception
produced by movement of the object or the observer or both
o Kinetic Cues
ability to acquire information by handling objects rather than just looking at them
o Haptic Perception
dynamic process that is linked with sensory information in the skin, joints, and muscles which tell us where we are in space
o Posture
sensory stimulation is changing but perception of the physical world remains constant
o Perceptual Constancy
▪ Allows infants to perceive that their world as stable
recognition that an object remains the same even though the retinal image of the object changes as you move toward or away from the object
▪ Size Constancy
an object remains the same shape even though its orientation changes
▪ Shape Constancy
– a person learns to make a reflex, or involuntary, response to a stimulus that originally did not bring about the response
o Classical Conditioning
if the conditioned learning is not reinforced by repeated association
o Extinction
focuses on the consequences of behaviors and how they affect the likelihood of the behavior occurring again
o Operant Conditioning
o Babies were able to use contextual cues (e.g., odor) to retrieve memories
o Infant memory is context-dependent and appears to be strongly linked to the original cues encoded during learning
presumed to be goal-oriented, meaning it exists for the purposes of attaining a goal
o Intelligent Behavior
consists of questions or tasks that are supposed to show how much of the measured abilities a person has by comparing that person’s performance with norms
o IQ Tests
developmental test designed to assess children from 1 month to 3 ½ years
o Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development
(▪ Cognitive, Language, Motor, Social-Emotional, and Adaptive Behavior)
▪ Accompanied by Behavior Rating Scale taken from the caregiver
trained observers interview the primary caregiver and rate on a yes-or-no checklist the intellectual stimulation and support observed in a child’s home
o Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME)
▪ Number of books and toys, parents involvement with the child, parental emotional and verbal responsiveness, acceptance of the child’s behavior, organization of the environment, and opportunities for daily and varied stimulation
systematic process of planning and providing therapeutic and educational services for families that need help in meeting infants’, toddlers’, and pre-school children’s developmental needs
o Early Intervention
o The first stage of Jean Piaget’s cognitive development is
o Approx. from birth to 2 years old
Sensorimotor Stage
an infant learns to reproduce events originally discovered by chance
o Circular Reactions
actions or mental representations that can be performed on objects
o Schemes
– occurs when children use their existing schemes to deal with new information
o Assimilation
occurs when children adjust their schemes to take new information and experiences into account
o Accommodation
grouping of isolated behaviors and thoughts into higher-order system
o Organization
cognitive conflict
o Disequilibrium
- o Children constantly assimilate and accommodate as they seek equilibrium
children shift from one stage of thought to the next
o Equilibration
the ability to mentally represent objects and actions in memory, largely through symbols such as words, numbers, and mental picture
o Representational Ability
– the realization that something continues to exist when out of sight
o Object Permanence
proposal that children under age of 3 have difficulty grasping spatial relationships because of the need to keep more than one mental representation in mind at the same time
o Dual Representation Hypothesis
– a type of learning in which repeated or continuous exposure to a stimulus, reduces attention to that stimulus
o Habituation
▪ Familiarity breeds loss of interest
– if a new sight or sound is presented, the baby’s attention is generally captured once again, and the baby will reorient toward the interesting stimulus and once again sucking slows
o Dishabituation
tendency to spend more time looking at one sight rather than another
o Visual Preference
ability that depends on the capacity to form and refer to mental representations
o Visual Recognition Memory
ability that depends on the capacity to form and refer to mental representations
o Visual Recognition Memory
the ability to use information gained from one sense to guide another – as when a person negotiates a dark room by feeling for the location of familiar objects
o Cross-Modal Transfer
o Examines the hardware of the CNS to identify what brain structures are involved in specific areas of cognition
Cognitive neuroscience approach
o Examines the hardware of the CNS to identify what brain structures are involved in specific areas of cognition
Cognitive Neuroscience Approach
refers to remembering that occurs without effort or even conscious awareness
o Implicit Memory
▪ Habits and skills
▪ Develop early and is demonstrated by such actions as an infant’s kicking
– declarative memory; conscious intentional recollection, usually of facts, names, events, or other things that can be stated or declared
o Explicit Memory
refers to mutual interactions with adults that help structure children’s activities and bridge the gap between a child’s understanding and an adult’s
o Guided Participation
communication system based on words and grammar
o Language
the ability to produce and comprehend an endless no. of meaningful sentences using a finite set of words and rules
o Infinite Generativity
sounds that progress from crying to cooing and babbling
o Pre-linguistic Speech
newborn’s first means of communication
o Between 6-3 months, babies start cooing
o By 6-10 months, they start babbling
o Crying
sound system of a language
o Phonology
system of meaningful units involved in word formation
o Morphology
the system that involves the way words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences
o Syntax
the system that involves the meaning of words and sentences
o Semantics
– the system of using appropriate conversation and knowledge of how to effectively use language in context
o Pragmatics
words that the child understand
o Receptive Vocabulary
words the child expresses/uses
o Spoken Vocabulary
tendency to apply a word to objects that are inappropriate for the word’s meaning by going beyond the set of referents an adult would use (e.g. “Dada” not only for her Dad but also to other male strangers)
o Overextension
tendency to apply the word too narrowly; occurs when children fail to use a word to name a relevant event or object
o Underextension
the use of short and precise words without grammatical markers such as articles, etc. (“Momi give water”)
o Telegraphic Speech
Responsible for speech Production
: Broca’s Area
Responsible for language comprehension, sounds
Wernicke’s area
Responsible for language comprehension, sounds
Wernicke’s Area
loss or impairment in language processing
o Aphasia
– biological endowment that enables the child to detect certain features and rules of language
o Language Acquisition Device
language spoken with a higher-than-normal pitch, slower tempo, and exaggerated intonation, with simple words and sentences
o Child-Directed Speech
rephrasing something the child has said that might lack appropriate morphology
o Recasting
– adding information to a child’s incomplete sentence
o Expanding
name objects that children
o Labeling
the relatively consistent blend of emotions, temperament, thought, and behavior that makes each person unique
o Personality
the relatively consistent blend of emotions, temperament, thought, and behavior that makes each person unique
o Personality
o Subjective reactions to experience that are associated with physiological and behavioral changes
Emotions
o Four Patterns of Crying of Infants
Basic Hunger Cry
Angry Cry
Pain Cry
Frustration Cry
rhythmic pattern that usually consist of cry, followed by a briefer silence
Basic Hunger Cry
more excess air is forced through vocal cords
Angry Cry
sudden long, initial loud cry followed by breath holding
- Pain Cry
appearance of 2 or 3 whining
Frustration Cry
newborn infants gaze and smile at their parents; smile that occurs in response to external stimulus (2 months)
o Social Smiling
a smile that does not occur in response to external stimuli and appear during the first month after birth
o Reflexive Smile
– infants smile at an object then gaze at an adult while continuing to smile
o Anticipatory Smiling
– acting out of concern with no expectation of reward
o Altruistic Behavior
underlie empathy and altruism
o Mirror Neurons
o An early-appearing, biologically based tendency to respond to the environment in predictable ways
Temperament
type of children that are generally happy, rhythmic in biological functioning, and accepting of new experiences
o Easy Children
more irritable and harder to please type of children
o Difficult Children
type of children that’s mild but slow to adapt to new people and situations
o Slow-to-Warm-Up Children
– the match between a child’s temperament and the environmental demands and constraints the child must deal with
o Goodness of Fit
o According Erik Erikson, as babies, our first challenge involves forming basic sense of Trust versus Mistrust T or F?
False! Charot lang True eh parang di ka naman nag grade 7
overly trusting and gullible, unrealistic, spoiled
o Maladaptive Tendency for Infancy: Sensory Maladjustment
– never trust anyone, paranoid, neurotic, depressive
o Malignant Tendency: Withdrawal
Mother
Significant individual
Mother
o Significant Individual
– reciprocal, enduring emotional tie between an infant and a caregiver, each of whom contributes to the quality of the relationship
o Attachment
by Mary Ainsworth; designed to assess attachment patterns between infant and adult
o Strange Situation
flexible, resilient
o Secure Attachment
generally anxious even before the caregiver leaves
o Ambivalent (Resistant) Attachment
lack a cohesive strategy to deal with the stress of the strange situation; they show contradictory, repetitive, or misdirected behaviors; confused and afraid
o Disorganized-Disoriented
– wariness of a person she does not know
o Stranger Anxiety
– distress when a familiar caregiver leaves her
o Separation Anxiety
crying when caregiver leaves
o Separation Protest
the ability of both infant and caregiver to respond appropriately and sensitively to each other’s mental and emotional states
o Mutual Regulation
seeking emotional information to guide behavior
o Social Referencing
shameless willfulness that leads to jump into things without proper consideration
o Maladaptive Tendency for Toddler: Impulsiveness
perfectionism, rule follower
o Sphincter Muscle is developed
o Malignant Tendency for Toddler: Compulsiveness
our image of ourselves; it describes what we know and feel about ourselves and guides our actions
Self-concept
an early indication of the ability to understand other’s mental states and their own
o Pretend Play –
process by which children develop habits, skills, values, and motives that make them responsible and productive members of the society
o Socialization –
– extra assistance provided by their parents reminder and prompts to complete the task
o Situational Compliance
they were committed to following request and could do so without their parents direct intervention
o Committed Compliance
– eager willingness to cooperate harmoniously with a parent, not only in disciplinary actions, but in variety of daily interactions
o Receptive Cooperation
slowed or arrested physical growth with no known medical cause, accompanied by poor developmental and emotional functioning
A. Nonorganic Failure to thrive
baby has a weak neck muscles, and a large, heavy head, shaking makes the brain bounce back and forth inside the skull
B. Shaken Baby Syndrome
