Infancy Flashcards
growth starts from the top part of the body (i.e., brain to foot)
o Cephalocaudal Principle
growth proceed from the center of the body outward (e.g., Palm (grasping) to fingers)
o Proximodistal Principle
o Children grow faster during
first 3 years
o Teething usually begins
around 3-4 months
o Growth slows in
second year of life
o Growth isn’t often smooth and continuous but rather ?
episodic, occurring in spurts
o– brain’s growth occurs in fits and starts
Brain Growth Spurts
(maintains balance and motor coordination) grows the fastest during the first year of life
Cerebellum
specialization of the hemispheres
o Lateralization
concerned with language and logical thinking
o Left Hemisphere
concerned with visual and spatial functions
o Right Hemisphere
– tough band of tissue that joins the two hemisphere which allows them to share info and coordinate commands
o Corpus Callosum
smallest; concerned with visual processing
o Occipital
involved with integrating sensory info from the body; movement and manipulation of objects
o Parietal
interpret smells and sounds and involved in memory
o Temporal
involved in high-order processes such as reasoning and problem solving
o Frontal Lobe
– outer surface of the cerebrum; grows rapidly in the first few months and are mature by age 6 months
o Cerebral Cortex
o Brain Growth Spurt begins at
about the third trimester of gestation and continues until at least the 4th year of life
send and receive info in the brain
o Neurons
nourish and protect the neurons
o Glia or Glial Cells
– sends signals to other neurons
o Axon
receive incoming messages
o Dendrites
tiny gaps which are bridged with the help of chemicals
o Synapses
neurons that control various groups of muscle coordinate their activities
Integration
each neuron takes on a specific, specialized structure and function
o Differentiation
pruning of cells which is a way to calibrate the developing brain to the local environment and help it work more efficiently, beings during the prenatal period and continues after birth
o Cell Death
enables signals to travel faster and more smoothly by coating the neural pathways with myelin
o Myelination
biological process and environmental conditions influences development, the brain is
o Neuroconstructivist View
– automatic, innate response to stimulation which are controlled by the lower brain centers that govern involuntary processes
o Reflex Behavior
includes sucking, rooting, and the Moro reflex are related to instinctive needs for survival and protection or may support the early connection to the caregiver
o Primitive reflexes
– reactions to changes in position or balance
o Postural Reflexes
resemble voluntary movements that do not appear until months after the reflexes have disappeared
o Locomotor Reflex
o Early Reflexes Disappear during
first 6-12 months
Extend legs, arms, and fingers, arches back, draws back head
Moro
Make strong fist
Darwinian (grasping)
Fencer Position
Tonic Neck
Mouth opens, eyes close, neck flexes, head tilts forward
Babkin
Toes fan out; foot twist in
Babinski
Head turns, mouth opens, sucking begins
Rooting
Steplike motions
Walking
Swimming movements
Swimming
o Sense of smell and taste begin to develop
in the womb
is the first sense to develop, the most mature sensory system for the first several months
o Touch
develops rapidly after birth
o Auditory Discrimination
Infant’s brain responds preferentially to speech
at 4 months
Is the least developed sense at birth
Vision
the use of both eyes to focus
Binocular Vision
o Infants like attractive faces T or F?
True
o Sleep restores, replenishes, and rebuilds our brains and bodies T or F?
True
all animals sleep and this sleep is necessary for survival (to protect themselves at night)
o Evolutionary Perspective
sleep replenishes and rebuilds the brain and the body such as clearing out neural tissues
o Restorative Perspective
sleep is critical for brain plasticity, i.e., increases synaptic connections between neurons which is linked to improved consolidation of memories
o Plasticity Perspective
Newborns sleep approx. 18 hrs/day T or F?
True bakit? tanga ka ba
no eye movement and sleep is more quiet
o Non-REM Sleep
the eyes flutter beneath the closed lids
▪ Usually appears 1 hr after non-rem (adults)
o Rapid Eye Movement (REM Sleep)
There is a Negative link between infant sleep and cognitive functioning T or F
False, Positive link tanga ka ba?
used to chart progress between ages 1 month and 6 years and to identify children who are not developing normally
o Denver Developmental Screening Test
(▪ Measures Gross Motor Skills (using large muscles), Fine Motor Skills (using small muscles), Language Development, Personality, and Social Development )
helps babies learn to judge distances and perceive depth
o Crawling
babies learn to look at caregivers for clues as to whether a situation is secure or frightening
o Social Referencing
enable infants to learn about themselves and their environment so they can make better judgements about how to navigate in it
o Sensory Perception
– the use of eyes to guide the movements of the hands
o Visual Guidance
the ability to perceive objects and surfaces in three dimensions
o Depth Perception
produced by movement of the object or the observer or both
o Kinetic Cues
ability to acquire information by handling objects rather than just looking at them
o Haptic Perception
dynamic process that is linked with sensory information in the skin, joints, and muscles which tell us where we are in space
o Posture