Premedication, analgesia, and anaesthetic Flashcards
what is the purpose of pre-medication?
- restraint
- reduce anxiety or stress
- achieve balanced anaesthesia
- reduction in dose of induction
what is balanced anaesthesia?
the use of multiple anaesthetic drugs in combination to provide general anaesthesia
what are some premedicants?
- phenothiazine
- alpha 2 adrenergic agonist
- alpha 2 adrenergic antagonist
what is a phenotiazines?
- acepromazine
what are some alpha 2 adrenergic agonist?
- medetomidine
- dexmedetomidine
- xylazine
what is a alpha. 2 adrenergic antagonist?
atipamazole
what are some advantages of acepromazine?
- works well with opioids to product neuroleptanalgesia
- long lasting - 6 hours
- anti-arrhythmic action
- IM, SC or slow IV
- anti-emetic
what are some disadvantages of acepromazine?
- slow onset
- no analgesic effect
- poor muscle relaxation
- ceiling effect in large breeds
- hypotension
what are some advantages of alpha 2 adrenergic agonist?
- profound sedation
- good muscle relaxation
- profound drug sparing effect
- peripheral vasoconstriction reduces heat loss
- rapid recoveries
- given IM, IV, or SC
what are some disadvantages of alpha 2 adrenergic agonist?
- significant cardiovascular depression
- not suitable for severe liver disease
- can cause vomiting
- analgesic effect is reversed by atipamazole
- hypertension
what are some advantages of benzodiazepines?
- good sedation in sick/young animals
- minimal cardiovascular effects
- good sedation if used in an opioid
- anti-epileptic
- given IM, slow IV or SC
what are some disadvantages of benzodiazepines?
- minimal sedation in healthy animals
- can cause excitement
- muscle relaxation may impair breathing effort
- cannot be given in an infusion as they are absorbed in plastic
what are some classes of analgesics?
- opiates
- NSAIDS
- alpha 2
what are three types of pain?
- physiological (localised and appropriate)
- inflammatory (tissue damage associated with trauma or surgery)
- neuropathic (damage to the nervous system)
what is a noxious stimulus?
something that causes tissue damage