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VN06 > Physiology of anaesthesia > Flashcards

Physiology of anaesthesia Flashcards

1
Q

what is the definition of anaesthesia?

A

the state of controlled, temporary loss of sensation or awareness that is induced for medical purposes

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2
Q

what is sedation?

A

the act of calming by administration of a sedative

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3
Q

what could trigger cardiac arrhythmias?

A

catecholamines
- adrenaline and noradrengaline

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4
Q

how is general anaesthesia achieved?

A
  • injectable
  • gaseous and injectable combo
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5
Q

what are the levels of anaesthesia?

A
  • stage 1 - voluntary excitement
  • stage 2 - involuntary excitement
  • stage 3 - surgical anaesthesia
  • stage 4 - excessively deep - intervention required
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6
Q

what are the three planes of stage 3?

A
  • plane 1 - light - minor examinations
  • plane 2 - medium - suitable for most surgery
  • plane 3 - deep - usually unneccessary
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7
Q

what is the triad of anaesthesia?

A
  • narcosis - sleep
  • analgesia - pain relief
  • relaxation of muscles
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8
Q

what is dead space?

A

any part of the respiratory tract in which no gaseous exchange takes place

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9
Q

what is anatomical dead space?

A

parts of the airways where no gaseous exchange takes place

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10
Q

what is physiological dead space?

A

parts of the airways that normally would contribute to gaseous exchanges but are unable to due to pathology
- pulmonary oedema
- blood in airways
- intra-bronchial intubation

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11
Q

what is equipment/mechanical dead space?

A

the contribution of the anaesthetic equipment to the dead space

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12
Q

what does anatomical dead space include?

A
  • nasal passages
  • pharynx
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • bronchioles
  • may include alveolar
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13
Q

what is tidal volume?

A

the volume of air that goes in and out with each breath

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14
Q

what is the tidal volume of a patient less than 10kg?

A

15ml/kg

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15
Q

what is the tidal volume of a patient more than 10kg?

A

10ml/kg

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16
Q

what is minute volume?

A

the volume of air exchanged each minute

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17
Q

what is anoxia?

A

absence of oxygen in the tissues

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18
Q

what is hypoxia?

A

reduced levels of oxygen in the tissues

19
Q

what is hypoxaemia?

A

deficient oxygenation of the blood

20
Q

what is apnoea?

A

cessation of breathing

21
Q

what is hypercapnia?

A

high co2

22
Q

what is hypoventilation?

A

decrease in rate/depth of ventilation

23
Q

what is the trachea held open by?

A

rings of cartilage

24
Q

what is acidosis?

A

when the body fluids contain too much acid

25
Q

what are the pHs for acidic, neutral and alkaline?

A

under 7 - acidic
7 - neutral
over 7 - alkaline

26
Q

what pH should the body be?

A

7.35-7.45

27
Q

what does more hydrogen ions mean?

A

lower pH = acidic

28
Q

what does less hydrogen ions mean?

A

higher pH = alkaline

29
Q

how does the body maintain acid-base balance?

A
  • respiration
30
Q

what controls respiration?

A

medulla oblongata

31
Q

what does the medulla oblongata control?

A
  • blood pressure
  • heart rate
  • body temperature
  • respiration
32
Q

Rate and depth will increase because of :

A
  • fall in blood oxygen
  • increase in demand for oxygen
  • decrease in blood carbon dioxide
  • increase in blood pH
33
Q

effects of anaesthesia on the respiratory system:

A
  • reduced bodies response to co2
  • effects tidal volume
  • effects RR
34
Q

what is heart rate controlled by?

A

the autonomic nervous system

35
Q

what is part of the parasympathetic nervous system and decreases hr?

A

vagus nerve

36
Q

what is blood pressure?

A

the product of cardiac output and peripheral resistance

37
Q

what does cardiac output depend on?

A
  • heart rate
  • stroke volume (amount of blood heart pumps out on each beat)
38
Q

what is systolic blood pressure?

A

maximum pressure in the artery as the heart contracts

39
Q

what is a diastolic blood pressure?

A

lowest pressure in the artery when the heart is between contractions

40
Q

what is blood pressure monitored by?

A

baroreceptors

41
Q

what is the blood brain barrier?

A

a network of blood vessels and tissue that is made up of closely spaced cells and helps keep harmful substances from reaching the brain

42
Q

true or false: all inhalant gases reduce total liver blood flow

A

true

43
Q

what parts of the renal system does inhalant anaesthetics affect?

A
  • renal blood flow
  • glomerular filtration rate

VN06 (12 decks)

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