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VN06 > Nervous tissue > Flashcards

Nervous tissue Flashcards

1
Q

what are myelinated axons surrounded by?

A

schwann cells

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2
Q

where are unmyelinated axons found?

A

in the autonomic system and parts of the brain

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3
Q

what does myelin allow?

A

impulses to travel faster acting as insulation and protection

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4
Q

what is a nerve?

A

many neurons held together by connective tissue (neuroglia)

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5
Q

what does neuroglia do?

A
  • support neurons physically and metabolically
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6
Q

what are astrocytes?

A

covers capillaries in brain and helps blood brain barrier

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7
Q

what are oligodendrocytes?

A

peripheral nervous tissue

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8
Q

what is microglia?

A

phagocytic cells, part of CNS defence system

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9
Q

what is ependymal?

A

lining ventricles of brain and central canal of spinal cord

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10
Q

what are three types of neuron?

A
  • unipolar
  • bipolar
  • multipolar
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11
Q

what forms grey matter?

A

cell bodies

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12
Q

what forms white matter?

A

nerve fibre

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13
Q

what are three classes of neurons?

A
  • afferent
  • efferent
  • interneurons
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14
Q

what does afferent mean?

A
  • sensory - messages towards brain and spinal cord
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15
Q

what does efferent mean?

A
  • motor - messages away from brain and spinal cord
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16
Q

what does interneurons mean?

A
  • message transmission within brain and spinal cord
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17
Q

what is a terminal button?

A

enlarged end of an axon which has lots of mitochondria

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18
Q

what are the transmitter substances in the peripheral nervous system?

A

acetyl choline and nor-adrenalin

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19
Q

what is the transmitter substance in the central nervous system?

A

acetyl choline

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20
Q

what is the post-transmission period called?

A

refractory period

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21
Q

what are the two components to the central nervous system?

A

brain and spinal cord

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22
Q

what are the three main divisions of the brain?

A
  • forebrain
  • midbrain
  • hindbrain
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23
Q

what are the three ares of the forebrain?

A
  • cerebrum
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
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24
Q

what is the cerebrum and what does it do?

A
  • 2 halves separated by longitudinal sulcus
  • receive and process information
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25
Q

what are the folds in the cerebrum called?

A

gyri

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26
Q

how are gyri separated?

A

into areas by sulci and fissues

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27
Q

where is the thalamus found?

A

lies deep in brain tissue at the base of the cerebral hemisphere

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28
Q

what does the thalamus do?

A

relays info to and from cerebral cortex from sense organs

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29
Q

where is the hypothalamus found?

A

above pituitary gland

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30
Q

why is the hypothalamus important?

A

it links autonomic nervous and endocrine system

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31
Q

what is the optichiasma?

A

point where impulses from retinas cross over

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32
Q

where does the left cerebral hemisphere get information from?

A
  • outer side of retina of left eye
  • inner side of retina of right eye
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33
Q

what is the olfactory lobe?

A
  • processes information regarding smells
34
Q

what is the mid brain?

A
  • connects fore and hind brain
  • surrounds cerebral aquaduct which contains cerebral spine fluid
35
Q

what does the cerebellum do?

A
  • co ordinates muscular activity
  • helps maintain posture and balacne
36
Q

where is the cerebellum found?

A

in the hind brain

37
Q

what does the medulla oblongata contain and do?

A
  • contains origins of some cranial nerves
  • controls basic functions such as respiration and cardiovascular
38
Q

where is the medulla oblongata found?

A

in the hind brain

39
Q

where is the pons found?

A

in the hindbrain between the mid brain and medulla oblongata

40
Q

what does the pons do?

A

contains fibres which carry impulses within the brain

41
Q

what happens if the brain is deprived of oxygen for 1min?

A

decreased activity

42
Q

what happens if the brain is deprived of oxygen for 3min?

A

irreversible damage

43
Q

what are the meninges?

A

they enclose and protect brain and spinal cord

44
Q

what are the three layers of the meninges?

A
  • dura mater (outermost, adheres to skull bones but not vertebrae)
  • arachnoid mater (pressed against dura due to CSF pressure)
  • pia mater (innermost, attached to actual brain and spinal cord)
45
Q

what is cerebrospinal fluid?

A
  • clear, colourless fluid
  • formed in ventricles
  • fills subarachnoid space and ventricles
46
Q

where does the cerebrospinal fluid drain from?

A
  • via veins in pia/arachnoid mater
47
Q

where is cerebrospinal fluid secreted from?

A
  • small arterioles and capillaries of pia/arachnoid mater
  • choroid. plexus in the brain ventricles
48
Q

what are the functions of cerebrospinal fluid?

A
  • protection of brain and spinal cord against bone
  • nutrition of brain and spinal tissue
  • pressure maintainance
49
Q

what are the 4 brain ventricles?

A
  • 2 laterals
  • 1 diencephalon
  • 1 hindbrain
50
Q

what are the function of the brain ventricles?

A

to help keep brain buoyant and cushioned

51
Q

what is internal hydrocephallus?

A

foramina/apertures of ventricles obstructed

52
Q

what is external hydrocephallus?

A

drainage of CSF obstructed

53
Q

what is the peripheral nervous system made up of?

A

voluntary and involuntary (autonomic) branches

54
Q

what are the voluntary branches of the PNS made up of?

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves and 38 pairs of spinal nerves

55
Q

what are the involuntary branches of the PNS made up of?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves

56
Q

what does the voluntary branches of the PNS control?

A

skeletal muscle movements

57
Q

what does the involuntary branches of the PNS control?

A

smooth muscle, cardiac, and glands

58
Q

how many cranial nerves are there?

A

12 pairs which are numbered rostrally to caudally

59
Q

what is the vagus nerve?

A
  • X
  • atypical cranial nerve which is part of the parasympathetic nervous system and slows the heart
60
Q

what does stimulation of the vagus nerve result in?

A

bradycardia

61
Q

what nerve does injuries from intubation affect?

A

hypoglossal

62
Q

what can damage to the hypoglossal nerve cause?

A
  • dysphagia
  • tongue deviation
63
Q

what is a reflex arc?

A

nerve pathway from stimulation through spinal cord to effector site

64
Q

what does dorsal root damage cause?

A
  • lost sensation
  • cannot feel stimulus
  • no message sent
65
Q

what does ventral root damage cause?

A
  • sensation is felt and message transmitted
  • no message sent to effector
  • cannot initiate protective action
66
Q

what is the sciatic nerve?

A

nerve found in caudal thigh that can cause temporary or permanent paralysis

67
Q

what is the phrenic nerve?

A

controls diaphragm (contract/expand)

68
Q

what is the autonomic nervous system?

A
  • involuntary part of the PNS
69
Q

what is the autonomic nervous system divided into?

A
  • sympathetic (close to spinal cord)
  • parasympathetic (in walls of affector organs)
70
Q

what part of the autonomic nervous system is adrenalin and nor adrenalin associated with?

A

sympathetic

71
Q

what part of the nervous system is acetyl choline associated with?

A

parasympathetic

72
Q

what are some parts of a neuron?

A
  • dendrite
  • soma
  • axon
  • nodes of ranvier
  • axon terminal
  • schwann cell
  • myelin sheath
  • nucleus
73
Q

what does a dendrite do?

A

receive impulses and carry then towards the cells body

74
Q

what are the gaps between the schwann cells called which allow nutrients?

A

nodes of ranvier

75
Q

what are some types of glial cells?

A
  • astrocytes
  • oligodendrocytes
  • microglia
  • ependymal
76
Q

what is the synaptic cleft?

A

gap between 2 neurons

77
Q

what are the 12 cranial nerves in order?

A

olfactory
optic
oculomotor
trochlear
trigeminal
abducens
facial
auditory
glossopharyngeal
vagus
spinal accessory
hypoglossal

78
Q

what can sympathetic nerves be known as?

A

adrenergic nerves

79
Q

what can parasympathetic nerves be known as?

A

cholinergic nerves

80
Q

what nerves are associated with the fight or flight response?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

VN06 (12 decks)

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