Prelude 2 Flashcards
Religious or spiritual music, for church or devotional use.
sacred music
Nonreligious music; when there is text, it’s usually in the vernacular.
secular music
Two or more melodic lines combined into a multivoiced texture, as distinct from monophonic.
polyphonic
Earliest kind of polyphonic music, which developed from the custom of adding voices above a plainchant; they first ran parallel to the chant at the interval of a fifth or fourth and later moved more freely.
organum
The common language spoken by the people as distinguished from the literary language, or language of the educated elite.
vernacular
A jazz style influenced by Latin American music, which includes various dance rhythms and traditional percussion instruments.
Latin jazz
Medieval poet-musicians in southern France.
troubadours
Medieval poet-musicians in northern France
trouvères
Humans have been using sound to enhance their communication for thousands of years—in fact, some scholars argue that what we call “____” may have been the earliest form of speech.
song
Europeans came up with the idea of putting sound to paper—the concept of ______ ______, which is not unique to Western culture (musical notation from ____ dates back at least 2,500 years)
musical notation; China
The concept of musical notation defined the development of ______ music and allowed for its astonishing variety, diffusion, and power.
Western
Musical styles that stem from the European tradition are at the core of _____-_____ throughout the world today, a level of influence that surpasses any _____ or _____
This is because of ______
music-making; language or religion.
notation
Notation allows us to think of a song or other music work as a _____ or _____ to be ____, _____ and _____, and ____ and _____
product or commodity
preserved
bought and sold
taught and learned
In Western culture, as in other world cultures, making music is also a _____ activity that allows individuals to feel closely _____ to a group, and to express their feelings both _____ and _____
social
connected
recreationally, spiritually
Music notation was invented to further the goals of ____ _____, and social music-making was essential to the early _____ _____
Because of this, much of the music from the Middle Ages and Renaissance was intended for _____ purposes: sounds designed to inspire the faithful to ______
Christian worship ; Christian church
sacred: worship
Despite the predominance of sacred music, more and more through this period (Middle Ages/Renaissance) we have evidence of _____ music, _____ music-making for _______ and ______ expression
secular, social; entertainment and personal expression
It’s especially in the ______ context that music becomes a ______ activity and a _____ item- already in these early centuries of the Western tradition
secular; social; commodity
ancient ______ cultures provided the foundation of the Western musical heritage, as well as the traditions it shares with the _____ ______
Mediterranean; Middle East
The fall of the Roman Empire, commonly set in 476 CE, marked the beginning of a thousand-year period usually described as the ______ ______
Middle Ages
The first half of the Middle Ages, 500 to 1000, was a period of ______ and _______ consolidation. During this era, all power flowed from _____, with the approval of the ______ ______ _____
cultural; political; kings; Roman Catholic Church
In early Middle Ages, the struggle of power between _____ and _____ is at the core of European history and has resonances to this day
church and state
In early Middle Ages. The modern concept of a strong centralized government as the guardian of law and order is generally credited to _______ (742-814) the celebrated emperor of the Franks
Charlemagne
In early Middle Ages, Charlemagne was a progressive monarch who encouraged ______ and left behind him an extensive system of social ______. It was during his reign that Europeans began to make systematic use of _____ _____
education; justice; musical notation
During the later Middle Ages, 1000 to 1450, _______ were founded throughout Europe, and cities emerged as centers of _____ and ____
universities; art and culture
Late Middle Ages, Literary landmarks such as the ______ _ _____ in France, Dante’s _____ _____ in Italy, and Chaucer’s ______ _____ in England, helped shaped their respective ______
Chanson de Roland
Divine Comedy
Canterbury Tales
languages
Late Middle Ages, witnessed construction of great _____, including _____ ______ in Paris
Notre Dame
Late Middle Ages, Notre Dame in Paris was one of the first centers in which _______ (multivoiced music) was _____ and integrated into musical _____
polyphony; notated; worship
Late Middle Ages: Among the first named composers of the Western tradition, _____ (who lived in the second half of the 1100s) and _____ (who worked around 1200) developed a style known as ______, in which _____ - single-line melodies of the Christian Church- was “decorated” with one or more ______ musical lines
Leonin; Perotin; organum; plainchant; simultaneous
Late Middle Ages: The effect of ______ was described at the time as astonishing, the same way the Cathedral of ______ _____, for which this music was composed, was considered an awe-inspiring tribute to _____ power
organum; Notre Dame; divine
In late Middle Ages, a _____ class that drew its wealth from _____ and _____ arose outside of feudal society
merchant; trade and commence
Although travel was perilous- the roads were plagued by robbers and the seas by pirates- each region of Europe exchanged its ______ ______ for those it lacked
natural resources
the plentiful timber and furs of Scandinavia were traded for English wool and cloth manufactured in Flanders; England wanted German silver and, above all, French and Italian wine; European goods of all kinds flowed through the seaport of Venice to Constantinople in exchange for _____ luxuries. ______ and their works also moved along trade routes
Eastern
Musicians
Late Middle Ages, Because of music moving along trade routes: music became both a necessity (for ______ activities) and a desirable ______ ornament, a crucial ______ in the economies of Europe
worship; recreational; commodity
Late Middle Ages: era of violence brought on by deep-set _____ beliefs ; knights embarked on holy _______ to capture the Holy Land from Muslims
religious; Crusades
Late Middle Ages: Although feudal society and idealized warrior was male-dominated, the status of women was raised by the universal cult of _____ and by the concepts of _____ that arose among knights.
Mary; chivalry
Late Middle Ages: In songs of _____ _____, women were adored with a fervor that laid the foundation for our concept of romantic ____. This poetic attitude was symbolized by the faithful _____ who worshipped his lady from afar and was inspired by her to deeds of ______ and ______
court minstrels; love; knight; daring and self-sacrifice
Late Middle Ages: Poetic attitude of court minstrel songs of love led to the first great flowering of _____ music written in the _____ (language of the people) as opposed to _____, the formal language of the Church and the sacred tradition
secular; vernacular; Latin
Late Middle Ages: most prominent in this secular tradition were _____ of southern France and _____ or northern France
- not only left us extensive notated tradition of ____ song
- introduced increasingly complex _____ into Western tradition
troubadours; trouvères
- love
- instruments
Many instruments and song styles were adapted from the highly sophisticated _____ _____ traditions of the time, a number of European courts (especially _____ the ____) maintained good relations with Muslims
Middle Eastern
Alfonso the Wise
The Renaissance (1450-1520): Europeans embarked (with help of developed \_\_\_\_\_) on voyages of discovery that opened up new horizons both external and internal - explorers trying to find trade routes to China and the Indies found \_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_ which became increasingly important to European treasuries and societies
compass
North and South America
Renaissance: After fall of ______ to Turks in 1453, ancient _____ and _____ writings, tightly guarded by church in Middle Ages, were Brought to Europe in increasing numbers
Constantinople; Greek and Roman
Renaissance: Spread of Greek and Roman writings increased through medium of _____, introduced to Europe by German goldsmith and inventor _____ _____
printing; Johannes Gutenberg
Renaissance: writings from classical antiquity encouraged a tendency for individuals to look _____ at their ____ thoughts beliefs and reactions
within; personal
Renaissance: spread of writings causing people to look within led to increasing interest in human (_____) rather than divine (_____) concerns, far-reaching religious reformations of 1500s, both _____ and ____, also gave this inward exploration a _____ grounding
secular; sacred; Protestant and Catholic; religious
The ideals ancient writings exemplified began to have influence in _______, ______, and ______.
Instead of Gothic cathedrals and medieval castles, Renaissance palaces and villas were built according to harmonious proportions of the ____ style, which strove for ____ and ____
architecture, painting, sculpture
classical; order and balance
Phenomenon of order and balance in Renaissance first came to flower in _____ - stood closest to classical _____ culture. As a result it produced great names in sculpture and painting like _____, _____, _____, and _____
Italy; Roman; Botticelli, da Vinci, Michelangelo, Titian
Renaissance: ____ human form, denied for centuries, was revealed a thing of beauty and used for anatomical study.
Painters began exploring beauties of _____ and conforming to laws of perspective and compositions
nude; nature
Renaissance: Musicians were supported by chef institutions of society: _____, _____ and _____, _____ and _____ _____
church, city and state, royal and aristocratic courts
Renaissance: musicians found employment as….
choirmaster, singers, organists, instrumentalism, copyists, composers, teachers, instrument builders, and music printers (16th century)
Renaissance: corresponding growth in a number of supporting musical institutions: ….
church choirs and schools. music-publishing houses, civic wind bands
Renaissance: increased opportunities for apprentices to study with master,,,,
singes, players, interment builders
Renaissance: few _____ can be identified as professional musicians, earning a living as _____ _____
women
court singers
Rise of merchant in the Middl Ages brought a new group of music _____. Paralleled with
Renaissance: cultivated _____ and ____ classes. emergence of ____ musicians - men and women - who sang secular songs (_____ and _____) and simple dances on instruments
patrons
middle and upper
amateur
chanson and madrigals
Renaissance: when system for printing for movable type was adapted to music, printed ____ ____ became available and affordable. As a result _____ _____ spread
music books
music literacy
Renaissance: Concerns of musicians surrounding worship and play, individuality and community, and music both as commodity and as social activity were ground in ______ circumstances in which they lived
- resonate today
historical
Middle Ages and Renaissance: no correct way to _____ a work—-gives modern _____ leeway
perform; performers
Basic principles to performance: sacred genres considered to be _____ ____ music, usually sung by a _____ group.
ensemble, vocal
small
Basic performance principles: women were prohibited from singing in _____ (besides all-female communities) so sacred ensembles included _____ for higher parts and ____ on lower ones
church; choirboys; men
Basic performance principles: _____ music had no real restrictions. Both ____ and _____ sang and played _____ or combined the two
secular music; men and women; instruments
National subtleties such as ____ and _____ marlins were absent but some generalities were understood: tempo would likely be a man’s ______; in both secular and sacred works, the _____ and ____ would give performers ideas of how to interpret piece
tempo, dynamic
heartbeat
occasion, text
