Prelude 2

Question 1

Religious or spiritual music, for church or devotional use.

Answer 1

sacred music

Question 2

Nonreligious music; when there is text, it’s usually in the vernacular.

Answer 2

secular music

Question 3

Two or more melodic lines combined into a multivoiced texture, as distinct from monophonic.

Answer 3

polyphonic

Question 4

Earliest kind of polyphonic music, which developed from the custom of adding voices above a plainchant; they first ran parallel to the chant at the interval of a fifth or fourth and later moved more freely.

Answer 4

organum

Question 5

The common language spoken by the people as distinguished from the literary language, or language of the educated elite.

Answer 5

vernacular

Question 6

A jazz style influenced by Latin American music, which includes various dance rhythms and traditional percussion instruments.

Answer 6

Latin jazz

Question 7

Medieval poet-musicians in southern France.

Answer 7

troubadours

Question 8

Medieval poet-musicians in northern France

Answer 8

trouvères

Question 9

Humans have been using sound to enhance their communication for thousands of years—in fact, some scholars argue that what we call “____” may have been the earliest form of speech.

Answer 9

song

Question 10

Europeans came up with the idea of putting sound to paper—the concept of ______ ______, which is not unique to Western culture (musical notation from ____ dates back at least 2,500 years)

Answer 10

musical notation; China

Question 11

The concept of musical notation defined the development of ______ music and allowed for its astonishing variety, diffusion, and power.

Answer 11

Western

Question 12

Musical styles that stem from the European tradition are at the core of _____-_____ throughout the world today, a level of influence that surpasses any _____ or _____
This is because of ______

Answer 12

music-making; language or religion.

notation

Question 13

Notation allows us to think of a song or other music work as a _____ or _____ to be ____, _____ and _____, and ____ and _____

Answer 13

product or commodity
preserved
bought and sold
taught and learned

Question 14

In Western culture, as in other world cultures, making music is also a _____ activity that allows individuals to feel closely _____ to a group, and to express their feelings both _____ and _____

Answer 14

social
connected
recreationally, spiritually

Question 15

Music notation was invented to further the goals of ____ _____, and social music-making was essential to the early _____ _____
Because of this, much of the music from the Middle Ages and Renaissance was intended for _____ purposes: sounds designed to inspire the faithful to ______

Answer 15

Christian worship ; Christian church

sacred: worship

Question 16

Despite the predominance of sacred music, more and more through this period (Middle Ages/Renaissance) we have evidence of _____ music, _____ music-making for _______ and ______ expression

Answer 16

secular, social; entertainment and personal expression

Question 17

It’s especially in the ______ context that music becomes a ______ activity and a _____ item- already in these early centuries of the Western tradition

Answer 17

secular; social; commodity

Question 18

ancient ______ cultures provided the foundation of the Western musical heritage, as well as the traditions it shares with the _____ ______

Answer 18

Mediterranean; Middle East

Question 19

The fall of the Roman Empire, commonly set in 476 CE, marked the beginning of a thousand-year period usually described as the ______ ______

Answer 19

Middle Ages

Question 20

The first half of the Middle Ages, 500 to 1000, was a period of ______ and _______ consolidation. During this era, all power flowed from _____, with the approval of the ______ ______ _____

Answer 20

cultural; political; kings; Roman Catholic Church

Question 21

In early Middle Ages, the struggle of power between _____ and _____ is at the core of European history and has resonances to this day

Answer 21

church and state

Question 22

In early Middle Ages. The modern concept of a strong centralized government as the guardian of law and order is generally credited to _______ (742-814) the celebrated emperor of the Franks

Answer 22

Charlemagne

Question 23

In early Middle Ages, Charlemagne was a progressive monarch who encouraged ______ and left behind him an extensive system of social ______. It was during his reign that Europeans began to make systematic use of _____ _____

Answer 23

education; justice; musical notation

Question 24

During the later Middle Ages, 1000 to 1450, _______ were founded throughout Europe, and cities emerged as centers of _____ and ____

Answer 24

universities; art and culture

Question 25

Late Middle Ages, Literary landmarks such as the ______ _ _____ in France, Dante's _____ _____ in Italy, and Chaucer's ______ _____ in England, helped shaped their respective ______

Answer 25

Chanson de Roland Divine Comedy Canterbury Tales languages

Question 26

Late Middle Ages, witnessed construction of great _____, including _____ ______ in Paris

Answer 26

Notre Dame

Question 27

Late Middle Ages, Notre Dame in Paris was one of the first centers in which _______ (multivoiced music) was _____ and integrated into musical _____

Answer 27

polyphony; notated; worship

Question 28

Late Middle Ages: Among the first named composers of the Western tradition, _____ (who lived in the second half of the 1100s) and _____ (who worked around 1200) developed a style known as ______, in which _____ - single-line melodies of the Christian Church- was "decorated" with one or more ______ musical lines

Answer 28

Leonin; Perotin; organum; plainchant; simultaneous

Question 29

Late Middle Ages: The effect of ______ was described at the time as astonishing, the same way the Cathedral of ______ _____, for which this music was composed, was considered an awe-inspiring tribute to _____ power

Answer 29

organum; Notre Dame; divine

Question 30

In late Middle Ages, a _____ class that drew its wealth from _____ and _____ arose outside of feudal society

Answer 30

merchant; trade and commence

Question 31

Although travel was perilous- the roads were plagued by robbers and the seas by pirates- each region of Europe exchanged its ______ ______ for those it lacked

Answer 31

natural resources

Question 32

the plentiful timber and furs of Scandinavia were traded for English wool and cloth manufactured in Flanders; England wanted German silver and, above all, French and Italian wine; European goods of all kinds flowed through the seaport of Venice to Constantinople in exchange for _____ luxuries. ______ and their works also moved along trade routes

Answer 32

Eastern | Musicians

Question 33

Late Middle Ages, Because of music moving along trade routes: music became both a necessity (for ______ activities) and a desirable ______ ornament, a crucial ______ in the economies of Europe

Answer 33

worship; recreational; commodity

Question 34

Late Middle Ages: era of violence brought on by deep-set _____ beliefs ; knights embarked on holy _______ to capture the Holy Land from Muslims

Answer 34

religious; Crusades

Question 35

Late Middle Ages: Although feudal society and idealized warrior was male-dominated, the status of women was raised by the universal cult of _____ and by the concepts of _____ that arose among knights.

Answer 35

Mary; chivalry

Question 36

Late Middle Ages: In songs of _____ _____, women were adored with a fervor that laid the foundation for our concept of romantic ____. This poetic attitude was symbolized by the faithful _____ who worshipped his lady from afar and was inspired by her to deeds of ______ and ______

Answer 36

court minstrels; love; knight; daring and self-sacrifice

Question 37

Late Middle Ages: Poetic attitude of court minstrel songs of love led to the first great flowering of _____ music written in the _____ (language of the people) as opposed to _____, the formal language of the Church and the sacred tradition

Answer 37

secular; vernacular; Latin

Question 38

Late Middle Ages: most prominent in this secular tradition were _____ of southern France and _____ or northern France - not only left us extensive notated tradition of ____ song - introduced increasingly complex _____ into Western tradition

Answer 38

troubadours; trouvères - love - instruments

Question 39

Many instruments and song styles were adapted from the highly sophisticated _____ _____ traditions of the time, a number of European courts (especially _____ the ____) maintained good relations with Muslims

Answer 39

Middle Eastern | Alfonso the Wise

Question 40

``` The Renaissance (1450-1520): Europeans embarked (with help of developed _____) on voyages of discovery that opened up new horizons both external and internal - explorers trying to find trade routes to China and the Indies found ____ and _____ _____ which became increasingly important to European treasuries and societies ```

Answer 40

compass | North and South America

Question 41

Renaissance: After fall of ______ to Turks in 1453, ancient _____ and _____ writings, tightly guarded by church in Middle Ages, were Brought to Europe in increasing numbers

Answer 41

Constantinople; Greek and Roman

Question 42

Renaissance: Spread of Greek and Roman writings increased through medium of _____, introduced to Europe by German goldsmith and inventor _____ _____

Answer 42

printing; Johannes Gutenberg

Question 43

Renaissance: writings from classical antiquity encouraged a tendency for individuals to look _____ at their ____ thoughts beliefs and reactions

Answer 43

within; personal

Question 44

Renaissance: spread of writings causing people to look within led to increasing interest in human (_____) rather than divine (_____) concerns, far-reaching religious reformations of 1500s, both _____ and ____, also gave this inward exploration a _____ grounding

Answer 44

secular; sacred; Protestant and Catholic; religious

Question 45

The ideals ancient writings exemplified began to have influence in _______, ______, and ______. Instead of Gothic cathedrals and medieval castles, Renaissance palaces and villas were built according to harmonious proportions of the ____ style, which strove for ____ and ____

Answer 45

architecture, painting, sculpture | classical; order and balance

Question 46

Phenomenon of order and balance in Renaissance first came to flower in _____ - stood closest to classical _____ culture. As a result it produced great names in sculpture and painting like _____, _____, _____, and _____

Answer 46

Italy; Roman; Botticelli, da Vinci, Michelangelo, Titian

Question 47

Renaissance: ____ human form, denied for centuries, was revealed a thing of beauty and used for anatomical study. Painters began exploring beauties of _____ and conforming to laws of perspective and compositions

Answer 47

nude; nature

Question 48

Renaissance: Musicians were supported by chef institutions of society: _____, _____ and _____, _____ and _____ _____

Answer 48

church, city and state, royal and aristocratic courts

Question 49

Renaissance: musicians found employment as....

Answer 49

choirmaster, singers, organists, instrumentalism, copyists, composers, teachers, instrument builders, and music printers (16th century)

Question 50

Renaissance: corresponding growth in a number of supporting musical institutions: ....

Answer 50

church choirs and schools. music-publishing houses, civic wind bands

Question 51

Renaissance: increased opportunities for apprentices to study with master,,,,

Answer 51

singes, players, interment builders

Question 52

Renaissance: few _____ can be identified as professional musicians, earning a living as _____ _____

Answer 52

women | court singers

Question 53

Rise of merchant in the Middl Ages brought a new group of music _____. Paralleled with Renaissance: cultivated _____ and ____ classes. emergence of ____ musicians - men and women - who sang secular songs (_____ and _____) and simple dances on instruments

Answer 53

patrons middle and upper amateur chanson and madrigals

Question 54

Renaissance: when system for printing for movable type was adapted to music, printed ____ ____ became available and affordable. As a result _____ _____ spread

Answer 54

music books | music literacy

Question 55

Renaissance: Concerns of musicians surrounding worship and play, individuality and community, and music both as commodity and as social activity were ground in ______ circumstances in which they lived - resonate today

Answer 55

historical

Question 56

Middle Ages and Renaissance: no correct way to _____ a work----gives modern _____ leeway

Answer 56

perform; performers

Question 57

Basic principles to performance: sacred genres considered to be _____ ____ music, usually sung by a _____ group.

Answer 57

ensemble, vocal | small

Question 58

Basic performance principles: women were prohibited from singing in _____ (besides all-female communities) so sacred ensembles included _____ for higher parts and ____ on lower ones

Answer 58

church; choirboys; men

Question 59

Basic performance principles: _____ music had no real restrictions. Both ____ and _____ sang and played _____ or combined the two

Answer 59

secular music; men and women; instruments

Question 60

National subtleties such as ____ and _____ marlins were absent but some generalities were understood: tempo would likely be a man's ______; in both secular and sacred works, the _____ and ____ would give performers ideas of how to interpret piece

Answer 60

tempo, dynamic heartbeat occasion, text