Chapter 14 Flashcards
The set order of religious services and the structure of each service, within a particular denomination (e.g., Roman Catholic).
liturgy
Monophonic melody with a freely flowing, unmeasured vocal line; liturgical chant of the Roman Catholic Church. Also plainchant or plainsong.
Gregorian chant
Melodic style of one note set to each text syllable.
syllabic
Melodic style with two to four notes set to each syllable.
neumatic
Melodic style characterized by many notes sung to a single text syllable.
melismatic
Scale or sequence of notes used as the basis for a composition; major and minor
mode
Based on principles of major-minor tonality, as distinct from modal
tonal
Central service of the Roman Catholic Church.
Mass
Sections of the Roman Catholic Mass that vary from day to day throughout the church year according to the liturgical occasion, as distinct from the Ordinary, in which they remain the same.
Proper
Sections of the Roman Catholic Mass that remain the same from day to day throughout the church year, as distinct from the Proper, which changes daily according to the liturgical occasion.
Ordinary
The first musical section of the Ordinary of the Mass. Its construction is threefold, involving three repetitions of “______ eleison” (Lord, have mercy), three of “Christe eleison” (Christ, have mercy), and again three of “_____ eleison.”
Kyrie
Choral music performed without instrumental accompaniment.
a cappella
Performance style in which an ensemble is divided into two or more groups, performing in alternation and then together.
antiphonal
In poetry, a group of lines constituting a unit. In liturgical music for the Catholic Church, a phrase from the Scriptures that alternates with the response.
verse
Which best describes the text setting of the opening word "Alleluia" in Hildegard’s Alleluia, O virga mediatrix? melismatic neumatic syllabic direct
melismatic
The alternation between soloist and chorus heard in this Alleluia is best described as ________ singing.
responsorial
What language is heard in this work?
Hildegard’s Alleluia, O virga mediatrix
Greek
_______: Music of the Church
Plainchant
In this excerpt, how does Hildegard emphasize the word “mortem” (death)?
an expressive upward leap
Listen to the excerpts from the first and third sections of the Kyrie. Which statement is NOT true?
- The melody in the second excerpt is different than the first excerpt.
- The melody in the second excerpt is the same as the first.
- Both excerpts have the same text.
- The melody in the second excerpt is more melismatic than the melody in the first excerpt.
The melody in the second excerpt is the same as the first.
The melodic range in this excerpt of Alleluia is
wide
Which best describes the performing forces in this excerpt? Kyrie
a cappella
Which phrase best describes the movement of the melody in this excerpt? Kyrie
mostly conjunct
Which term best describes the rhythm of this Alleluia?
free and nonmetric
Which term best describes the texture of the Kyrie?
monophonic
Voices raised in song as people connect to ____ power; widespread purpose of music - medieval Europe: people seeking salvation through _____
spiritual; music
Plainchant is a ____ line melody; _____ in texture, lacking harmony and couterpoint. Free flowing vocal line follows inflections of ____ text and is free from regular accent
single; monophonic; Latin
Plainchant melodies shaped in part by _____, ____ and _____ influences. represent start of artistic _____ in Western music
Greek, Hebrew, Syrian influences; creativity
It became necessary to assemble music into a _____, order to church services and structure of each service
liturgy
Tradition credits who with codifying plainchant melodies? so these chants are also called _____ chants
Pope Gregory the Great; Gregorian chant
Gregorian melodies
- more than _____
- nearly all of it _____
- tradition: Pope Gregory received melodies of ____ ____ directly from Holy Spirit in form of a dove whispering in his ear
3000
anonymous
true prayer
It was believed by singers of Gregorian chants in Middle Ages that it was composed by a ____ not human mind
divine
Gregorian chants avoid wide _____, allowing gentle ____ to create a kind of musical speech
leaps, contours
Free from phrase structure, chant’s undulating vocal lines were musical counterpart to ornamentation of medieval _____ and _____
art and architecture
Chant melodies fell into 3 main classes, according to the way they are set to the text: _____ (one note to each syllable of text) ______ (3-6 notes sung to syllable) and _____ (many notes set to syllable) this descended from improvisations heard in ____ ______ music; expressive feature, strong influence in subsequent western music
syllabic, neumatic, melismatic
Middle Eastern
At first, chants were handed down through ____ tradition generation to generation. As number of chants increased church leaders moved to standardize them; to help singers remember general shapes of different melodies, ______, little ascending and descending symbols were written to suggest ____ of melody
oral; neumes; contours
Neumes eventually developed into musical notation of square _____ on a four line _____
notes, staff
Gregorian chant to Renaissance, music used a variety of scale pattern to ____
modes
_____ codified in Middle Ages served as basis for European music
modes
Modes preceded and overlapped with ____ and ____ scales (also types of modes) which are characterized by a strong pull toward a tonic note
major minor
There are similarities between modal melodies in ____ and melodies and scales used by ____ _____ sacred traditions
which both developed from same Eastern _____ religious heritage
chants; Middle Eastern; Mediterranean
Chanted prayers have been central to two types of services: the daily _____; series of series celebrated in religious communities at various hours of the day. and _____: a reenactment of Christ’s Last Supper’s with his disciples
Offices; Mass
the ___ is the primary and most solemn ritual of the Roman Catholic Church, generally attended by public worshippers. Name derives from Latin for “Go, it is the dismissal” recited at end of service by priest
Mass
Prayers that make up Mass (liturgy) fall into two categories: ______: texts vary each day throughout church year, depending on feast and ______: texts that remain same in every Mass
Proper: Ordinary
_____ melodies, assigned to each section, remain central to the celebration of the Mass
Gregorian
Most of Mass text was in ______ language of Romans, shared language of learning, tradition for Europeans
Latin
First item in the Ordinary of Mass
Kyrie
The text of Kyrie is a _____ prayer for _____ taken form central-Mediterranean Christian tradition; _____ ____ is credited with establishing it part of Mass
Greek; prayer; Pope Gregory
The ____ part form of Kyrie consists of ____ invocations to God
3; 9
In Kyrie, There are three Kyrie Eleison:
Christe eleison:
again three _____ eleison
Lord have mercy upon us
Christ have mercy upon us
Kyrie
structure of Kyrie is symbolic for the _____ and represents perfect _____
Trinity; unity
Melody of Kyrie moves freely in waves: range is ___ at first but grows _____ and ____ in second and third sections
narrow, wider, higher
Kyrie is sung _ _____ (voices alone) and in an ______ manner, alternating between two groups of singers
a cappella
antiphonal
Kyrie: at first they sing only a few notes per syllable (_____ text setting); as the second and third phrases grow longer, some syllables are stretched over many notes, producing a _____ text setting
syllabic, melismatic
Judaism and Christianity are linked musically by the ___ ____, Book of ____, poems that were sung during ceremonial meals and in home. “o come let us sing to the Lord” “I will sing of loyalty and justice”
Old Testament; Psalms
some Psalms have a refrain of “_____”; in Jewish practice, they were sung _____ by a cantor (singing leader) and the ____ using simple repetitive melodies
hallelujah; responsorially; congregation
In the Roman Catholic Church, the simply chanted responsorial recitation of _____ became the core of the Divine ____- the daily cycle of services- and to a lesser extent, the ____ Psalm texts were adopted as well into the services of the Protestant movements during the ____, especially the Calviinist Church
Psalms; Offices; Mass; Reformation
Other practices of the Roman Catholic Church came from the ____ - the Church of Byzantium- which gradually separating from West during first few centuries of Christianity. Practices: devotional songs (____) ideas about ____ and ___ that shaped Western music for centuries.
East; hymn; melody, harmony
Music of early christian churches were ____ rather than accompanied by instruments though instruments are mentioned in the ___ (harp , trumpet, cymbals, etc)
sung; Bible
Christians often associated instruments with ___ life and felt they didn’t serve religion
secular
Some prayers of The Roman Catholic Church (most prominently ____) retained the ____ language that had defined Christianity since the writing of the Gospels
Kyrie; Greek
The ____, invention of the ____, was the first instrument to be widely accepted for use in Christian worship
organ, Greeks
Changes in Jewish and Christian communities: texts for devotional music are often in the _____ rather than Hebrew or Latin. Many styles of music serve religion; whether vocal or ____, new or old, popular to art
vernacular; instrumental
____ like the Kyrie were the most regularly sing prayers the Middle Ages, as part of established repertory
Chants
Greatest creativity in musical worship often took place within _____ and other religious communities of individuals who chose to gather in systematic religious practice. Both ___ and ___, devoted themselves to prayer, scholarship, healing the sick, preaching, charity, depending on religious order they had joined
monasteries
Life devoted to church wasn’t easy; ____ was arduous; day began early with first of daily _____, reading of lessons, singing psalms. Each day in church calendar had a ritual and order of prayers
Members worked in fields, libraries, producing items to be sold , writing , preserving knowledge
Discipline; offices;
Such person that wrote and preserved knowledge was ____ __ ___, one of the most remarkable women of the Middle Ages, renowned poet and prophet, serenely beautiful much has reigned popularity in years
Hildegard of Bingen
Hildegard set many of her own texts to ____; ____ is characterized by brilliant imagery and creative language
music; poetry
Hildgard: some of her songs celebrate lives of local _____ like Rupert, patron of her monastery , while others praise the ____ ____, comparing her to a blossoming flower or branch and celebrating her purity.
siants; Virgin Mary
An example of Hildegard’s music that celebrates the Virgin Mary is an _____ derived from Hebrew words for Praise be to God; some version of it is most used in Christian communities to express joyful celebration
Alleluia
Hildegard wrtoe Allelulia for a specific occasion; a ___ for the ____ ___
feast; Virgin Mary
Hildegard Allelulia: chant is in ___ parts, beginning and ending with _____ (meant to be sung by ___ worship community) and featuring a ___ in the middle, sung by. _____ church leader
three; Allelulia; entire; verse; single
Hildegard Allelulia: The leader first sings the opening ____ phrase of the chant and then that same phrase is repeated and extended in ____ by the full ensemble
alleluia; unison
Hildegard Allelulia: This _____ practice has its roots in ancient Jewish practice
responsorial
Responsorial differs form call and response because in this case the people are expected to ____ the leader’s words and melody precisely, rather than changing the idea
repeat
Hildegard elaborates some words with ____ especially in last line of the ____, describing Virgin’s ____
melismas; verse; purity
Hildegard was daughter of a noble ____ couple who promised her (10th child) to church as a _____ (practice of giving 1/10 of what one owes). Raised by religious recluse from age 8, lived in stone cell with one window and took ____ at age 14. She experienced ___ which intensified later in in life. Reportedly could tell future. Around 1150, founded a ____ in Rupertsburg. Germany.
German; tithe; vows; visions; monastery
Miracles and Prophecies made her famous thoughout Europe: popes, kings and priests sought her ___ on political and religious issues; ____ came in 2012 by Pope Benedict XVI. Highly compositional style resembles _____ ____ but is full of expressive ___ and ____ that clearly convey the meaning of ____
advice; Gregorian chant; leaps; melismas; words
Hildegard: Major Works: collection of _____ and visions entitle Scivias (know the ways). A volume of religious poetry set to ____ (symphony of the harmony of celestial revelations) . A sung ___ ___ (the play of virtues). ____ and ____ writings
poetry; music; moral play; scientific, medical
Allelulia: not a ____ ___ because we know Hildegard composed it; not part of established repertory that was sanctioned in her day; new praise songs in liturgy was controversial in her time ; she was a woman, believed to be unworthy to aspire to connection with divine
Gregorian chant
Gregorian chant: Kyrie: Melody: ____, ____ motion, small ____, ____ then ____
conjunct; wavelike; range; neumatic, melismatic
Gregorian chant: Kyrie: rhythm: ___-____ rhythm, non____
free flowing; metric
Gregorian chant: Kyrie:: Texture: ____
monophonic
Gregorian chant: Kyrie:: ______ choir, alternating between two ____ (____)
a cappella, groups, antiphonal
Gregorian chant: Kyrie:: Text: ____ ____ for ___
Greek prayer for mercy
Many cultures employ a kind of “____ ___’ in their worship or religious rentals, which is distinct from music for entertainment or other purposes
intoned speech
Other religion that featured chant; _____, centered non Quran
Islam,
Chanting the Quran is governed by established ____ traditions that specify vocal timbre, rhythmic treatment of texts, pronunciation, and special vibrate (wavering fluctuation of pitch)
oral
different branches of Islam view other kinds of music more or less favorably; united in properly chanted recitation of Quran
true
Call to prayer in islamic culture
Adhan
credited with instituting practice of call to prayer
Muhammad
Seven invocation and last is repeated in Adhan, balance of repetition and contrast
true
Adhan performed ____ in slow ____, except at sunset, chanted more ____
freely; tempo; quickly
Adhan melody based on Arabic mode or scale called _____ that defines pitches in melody and pattern of embellishments
maquam
call to prayer is followed by the ____ on the _____, a text from Quran, ending with the words “the _____” - an invitation to all recite silently the opening chapter of Quran. it is ____, ___ like rendition
Blessings on the Prophet; opening; syllabic, speech
Adhan Call to Prayer: ____ structure of text and music, subtle ___ and rich ____.
____, rhapsodic delivery
repetitive, variations, melismas
free
Adhan Blessings of the Prophet: _____, ___like delivery of text
faster, speechlike
Hildegard of Bingen: Alleluia, O virga mediatrix
(Alleluia, O mediating branch): melody: ______, ____ line with some expressive ____ and ____
unaccompanied; conjunct; leaps, melismas
Hildegard of Bingen: Alleluia, O virga mediatrix
(Alleluia, O mediating branch): Rhythm: ____ and ____, following the flow of ____
free, nonmetric, words
Hildegard of Bingen: Alleluia, O virga mediatrix
(Alleluia, O mediating branch): Texture:
monophonic
Hildegard of Bingen: Alleluia, O virga mediatrix
(Alleluia, O mediating branch): Form: ____-part structure (“____” - ____ - “______”) performed _____
three; allelulia, verse, allelulia; responsorially
Hildegard of Bingen: Alleluia, O virga mediatrix
(Alleluia, O mediating branch): expression: dramatic ____ of a _____; ___-range climaxes on important words
leaps, fifth; high
Hildegard of Bingen: Alleluia, O virga mediatrix
(Alleluia, O mediating branch): performing forces: ______ choir , alternating ____ and ____
a cappella, soloist, choir
Hildegard of Bingen: Alleluia, O virga mediatrix
(Alleluia, O mediating branch): prayer to the ____ ____ written by
Virgin Mary; Hildegard
