Chapter 15 Flashcards
Two or more melodic lines combined into a multivoiced texture, as distinct from monophonic.
polyphonic
Earliest kind of polyphonic music, which developed from the custom of adding voices above a plainchant; they first ran parallel to the chant at the interval of a fifth or fourth and later moved more freely.
organum
A fixed pattern of long and short notes that is repeated or varied is known as
a rhythmic mode
Composers from ________ were at the forefront of musical composition.
the Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris
Composers of organum based their pieces on
preexisting Gregorian chants.
Which term describes the texture of two or more melodies performed at the same time?
polyphony
The text setting of Gaude Maria virgo is
highly melismatic
Gaude Maria virgo is performed
a cappella.
Gaude Maria virgo is sung in
Latin
T/F: Musical notation of polyphony allowed for more detail and control over the musical texture.
True
Organum grew out of the improvisatory custom of
adding a second voice to a Gregorian melody.
Pérotin’s organum
increased the number of voices to three and then to four.
T/F: Polyphony was universally accepted in medieval religious communities.
False
T/F: Polyphony was utilized to enhance worship on the most significant feast days in the church year.
True
T/F: Singing polyphony required specialized singers.
True
The compilation of early polyphony is the
Great Book of Organum.
The earliest polyphonic music is called
organum.
T/F: The first type of polyphony was Gregorian chant.
False
The performance of Gaude Maria virgo is typical of the genre in that it is sung antiphonally. What does antiphonal mean?
a performance style that alternates between two groups
What was the single most important feature in the development of Western music?
polyphony
Which of the following is a true statement?
- Léonin is the first composer of polyphonic music whose name we know.
- Pérotin is the first composer of polyphonic music whose name we know.
- Léonin and Pérotin were at the forefront of composition at St. Mark’s in Venice.
- Anonymous IV is the first composer of polyphonic music whose name we know.
Léonin is the first composer of polyphonic music whose name we know.
Which of the following statements is NOT true?
- Notated polyphony emerged at the end of the Renaissance.
- Polyphonic music required a more exact notational system.
- With the development of notation, music became more carefully planned and preserved.
- European polyphony is distinctive because it was notated.
Notated polyphony emerged at the end of the Renaissance.
- it was end of Romanesque era
Which statement regarding polyphony in the Middle Ages is NOT true?
- Some religious communities saw polyphony as a distraction.
- Composers of polyphony were sometimes characterized as vain.
- Polyphonic music became increasingly sought after.
- Polyphonic music was sung by the church congregation.
Polyphonic music was sung by the church congregation.
- it required special singers
Which voice in organum carries the original chant in sustained notes?
the lower voice
Who was Léonin’s successor?
Perotin
Who was the first leader of the Notre Dame School?
Leonin
______ is credited with compiling the Magnus liber organi.
Leonin
Early Polyphony
Single most important feature in the development of what?
Western music
European polyphony was distinctive because it was _____
notated
_____ music is the most straightforward kind, and many world traditions focus on a ____ melodic line in their songs
Monophonic; single
Other traditions cultivate greater _____ through the simultaneous sound of ____ musical lines. Like in ____ tradition
complexity; multiple; Western
Western tradition has become _____ - and popular throughout the globe - because of its potential for ____ complexity. The ability to create and coordinate -_____ lines is the mark of supreme musical craft and profession training
distinctive; layered; simultaneous
_____, or the combination two or more simultaneous lines, is the single most important feature in the development of ____ music
polyphony, Western
While ____ polyphony goes back many centuries, European polyphony is distinctive because it was _____, allowing for more detail and control over the musical ____
improvised; notated; texture
Notated polyphony began to emerge toward the end of the _____ era (850-1150)- around the same time notation itself became increasingly sophisticated on the European continent
Romanesque
With the development of notation, music expanded from an art of _____ and ____ tradition to one that was carefully planned and preserved
improvisation; oral
During the ___ era, which saw the rise of cathedrals, ______ composers came to be recognized
Gothic; individual
Composers, mostly ___ in religious communities, mastered the art of writing extended musical works in various _____ and ____
clerics; textures, forms
The earliest polyphonic music, called ____, grew out of the improvisatory custom of adding a second voice to a _____ melody at the internal of a ____ or ____.
organum; Gregorian; fifth, fourth
a polyphonic art blossomed in which the individual ____ moved with greater independence. In the forefront of this evolution were the composers centered at ____ ___ during the 12th and 13th century
voice; Notre Dame (in Paris)
Notre Dame’s leader _____ is the first composer of polyphonic music whose name we know.
Leonin
Leonin, credited with compiling the _____ ____ ___ _____, music for the entire Church year, in this new musical style
Great Book of Organum
Leonin’s successor, ____ expanded the dimensions of organum by increasing the number of ___ parts, first to ___ then to ___
Perotin, voice, three, four
To the medecal mind, the new had to be founded on the ____. Therefore, composers of organum based their pieces on preexisting _____ ____
old; Gregorian chants
Organum: While the ___ voice sang the fixed melody in extremely long notes, the ____ voice or voices sang a freely ____ part that moved rapidly above it. In this setting, the chant was no longer recognizable as a ____ by human ears, but (medieval singers reasoned) divine ears could still hear the prescribed ____
lower; upper; composed ; melody; prayer
In the organum, Gaude Maria virgo, the opening ____ section features two voices singing in _____ ____, a fixed pattern of long and short notes that is repeated or varies, over a sustained ___ voice taken from the ___ of the same name
polyphonic; rhythmic mode; bottom; chant
Gaude Maria virgo: the setting, in the style of ____ POSSIBLY by him, is highly ____, with many notes sung to each syllable of text, a prayer in praise of ____ ____.
Perotin; melismatic; Virgin Mary
Gaude Maria virgo: the form of this organum is typical in that it alternates _____ (sung by ____) and _____ chant (sung by the ____)
polyphony (soloist); monophonic (choir)
Not all religious communities welcomed _____: some saw it as a distraction from the simplicity and equality off communal singing of ____, since it required ____ singers and composers who were sometimes characterized as overly ____ about their music skills
polyphony; plainchant; specialized; vain
The magnificence and complexity of ____ music became increasingly sought after, since it was seen to enhance worship on the highest ____ days, like Easter. It became a mark of ___, both for the musicians who practiced it and for those who sponsored its innovations and expressive potential; and thus set the stage for the entire unfolding of the ____ musical tradition
polyphonic; feast; distinction; Western
Notre Dame School: Gaude Maria virgo (Rejoice, Virgin Mary): Melody: ___, ___ ideas exchanged between the ____ voices
short, repeated; upper
Notre Dame School: Gaude Maria virgo (Rejoice, Virgin Mary): Rhythm/meter: simple patterns of ___ ____ ____ ___ in ___ voices over the ____-moving ____ voice (____)
long-short-long-short; upper; slow; bottom (tenor)
Notre Dame School: Gaude Maria virgo (Rejoice, Virgin Mary): harmony: open, hollow-sounding _____ on the intervals of ___ and ___
cadences; fifths, octaves
Notre Dame School: Gaude Maria virgo (Rejoice, Virgin Mary): Texture: ___-part ____; alternating with _____ ____
three; polyphony; monophonic; chant
Notre Dame School: Gaude Maria virgo (Rejoice, Virgin Mary): Expression: The opening words “Gaude Maria: are drawn out in a ____ ____ setting
long melismatic
Notre Dame School: Gaude Maria virgo (Rejoice, Virgin Mary): performing forces: _____, _____ sing ___, ____ sings ____
a cappella; soloist, organum; choir, chant
Notre Dame School: Gaude Maria virgo (Rejoice, Virgin Mary): text: ____ in praise of ____ ____
prayer, Virgin Mary
