Chapter 15

Question 1

Two or more melodic lines combined into a multivoiced texture, as distinct from monophonic.

Answer 1

polyphonic

Question 2

Earliest kind of polyphonic music, which developed from the custom of adding voices above a plainchant; they first ran parallel to the chant at the interval of a fifth or fourth and later moved more freely.

Answer 2

organum

Question 3

A fixed pattern of long and short notes that is repeated or varied is known as

Answer 3

a rhythmic mode

Question 4

Composers from ________ were at the forefront of musical composition.

Answer 4

the Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris

Question 5

Composers of organum based their pieces on

Answer 5

preexisting Gregorian chants.

Question 6

Which term describes the texture of two or more melodies performed at the same time?

Answer 6

polyphony

Question 7

The text setting of Gaude Maria virgo is

Answer 7

highly melismatic

Question 8

Gaude Maria virgo is performed

Answer 8

a cappella.

Question 9

Gaude Maria virgo is sung in

Answer 9

Latin

Question 10

T/F: Musical notation of polyphony allowed for more detail and control over the musical texture.

Answer 10

True

Question 11

Organum grew out of the improvisatory custom of

Answer 11

adding a second voice to a Gregorian melody.

Question 12

Pérotin’s organum

Answer 12

increased the number of voices to three and then to four.

Question 13

T/F: Polyphony was universally accepted in medieval religious communities.

Answer 13

False

Question 14

T/F: Polyphony was utilized to enhance worship on the most significant feast days in the church year.

Answer 14

True

Question 15

T/F: Singing polyphony required specialized singers.

Answer 15

True

Question 16

The compilation of early polyphony is the

Answer 16

Great Book of Organum.

Question 17

The earliest polyphonic music is called

Answer 17

organum.

Question 18

T/F: The first type of polyphony was Gregorian chant.

Answer 18

False

Question 19

The performance of Gaude Maria virgo is typical of the genre in that it is sung antiphonally. What does antiphonal mean?

Answer 19

a performance style that alternates between two groups

Question 20

What was the single most important feature in the development of Western music?

Answer 20

polyphony

Question 21

Which of the following is a true statement?

• Léonin is the first composer of polyphonic music whose name we know.
• Pérotin is the first composer of polyphonic music whose name we know.
• Léonin and Pérotin were at the forefront of composition at St. Mark’s in Venice.
• Anonymous IV is the first composer of polyphonic music whose name we know.

Answer 21

Léonin is the first composer of polyphonic music whose name we know.

Question 22

Which of the following statements is NOT true?

• Notated polyphony emerged at the end of the Renaissance.
• Polyphonic music required a more exact notational system.
• With the development of notation, music became more carefully planned and preserved.
• European polyphony is distinctive because it was notated.

Answer 22

Notated polyphony emerged at the end of the Renaissance.

- it was end of Romanesque era

Question 23

Which statement regarding polyphony in the Middle Ages is NOT true?

• Some religious communities saw polyphony as a distraction.
• Composers of polyphony were sometimes characterized as vain.
• Polyphonic music became increasingly sought after.
• Polyphonic music was sung by the church congregation.

Answer 23

Polyphonic music was sung by the church congregation.

- it required special singers

Question 24

Which voice in organum carries the original chant in sustained notes?

Answer 24

the lower voice

Question 25

Who was Léonin’s successor?

Answer 25

Perotin

Question 26

Who was the first leader of the Notre Dame School?

Answer 26

Leonin

Question 27

______ is credited with compiling the Magnus liber organi.

Answer 27

Leonin

Question 28

Early Polyphony

Single most important feature in the development of what?

Answer 28

Western music

Question 29

European polyphony was distinctive because it was _____

Answer 29

notated

Question 30

_____ music is the most straightforward kind, and many world traditions focus on a ____ melodic line in their songs

Answer 30

Monophonic; single

Question 31

Other traditions cultivate greater _____ through the simultaneous sound of ____ musical lines. Like in ____ tradition

Answer 31

complexity; multiple; Western

Question 32

Western tradition has become _____ - and popular throughout the globe - because of its potential for ____ complexity. The ability to create and coordinate -_____ lines is the mark of supreme musical craft and profession training

Answer 32

distinctive; layered; simultaneous

Question 33

_____, or the combination two or more simultaneous lines, is the single most important feature in the development of ____ music

Answer 33

polyphony, Western

Question 34

While ____ polyphony goes back many centuries, European polyphony is distinctive because it was _____, allowing for more detail and control over the musical ____

Answer 34

improvised; notated; texture

Question 35

Notated polyphony began to emerge toward the end of the _____ era (850-1150)- around the same time notation itself became increasingly sophisticated on the European continent

Answer 35

Romanesque

Question 36

With the development of notation, music expanded from an art of _____ and ____ tradition to one that was carefully planned and preserved

Answer 36

improvisation; oral

Question 37

During the ___ era, which saw the rise of cathedrals, ______ composers came to be recognized

Answer 37

Gothic; individual

Question 38

Composers, mostly ___ in religious communities, mastered the art of writing extended musical works in various _____ and ____

Answer 38

clerics; textures, forms

Question 39

The earliest polyphonic music, called ____, grew out of the improvisatory custom of adding a second voice to a _____ melody at the internal of a ____ or ____.

Answer 39

organum; Gregorian; fifth, fourth

Question 40

a polyphonic art blossomed in which the individual ____ moved with greater independence. In the forefront of this evolution were the composers centered at ____ ___ during the 12th and 13th century

Answer 40

voice; Notre Dame (in Paris)

Question 41

Notre Dame’s leader _____ is the first composer of polyphonic music whose name we know.

Answer 41

Leonin

Question 42

Leonin, credited with compiling the _____ ____ ___ _____, music for the entire Church year, in this new musical style

Answer 42

Great Book of Organum

Question 43

Leonin’s successor, ____ expanded the dimensions of organum by increasing the number of ___ parts, first to ___ then to ___

Answer 43

Perotin, voice, three, four

Question 44

To the medecal mind, the new had to be founded on the ____. Therefore, composers of organum based their pieces on preexisting _____ ____

Answer 44

old; Gregorian chants

Question 45

Organum: While the ___ voice sang the fixed melody in extremely long notes, the ____ voice or voices sang a freely ____ part that moved rapidly above it. In this setting, the chant was no longer recognizable as a ____ by human ears, but (medieval singers reasoned) divine ears could still hear the prescribed ____

Answer 45

lower; upper; composed ; melody; prayer

Question 46

In the organum, Gaude Maria virgo, the opening ____ section features two voices singing in _____ ____, a fixed pattern of long and short notes that is repeated or varies, over a sustained ___ voice taken from the ___ of the same name

Answer 46

polyphonic; rhythmic mode; bottom; chant

Question 47

Gaude Maria virgo: the setting, in the style of ____ POSSIBLY by him, is highly ____, with many notes sung to each syllable of text, a prayer in praise of ____ ____.

Answer 47

Perotin; melismatic; Virgin Mary

Question 48

Gaude Maria virgo: the form of this organum is typical in that it alternates _____ (sung by ____) and _____ chant (sung by the ____)

Answer 48

polyphony (soloist); monophonic (choir)

Question 49

Not all religious communities welcomed _____: some saw it as a distraction from the simplicity and equality off communal singing of ____, since it required ____ singers and composers who were sometimes characterized as overly ____ about their music skills

Answer 49

polyphony; plainchant; specialized; vain

Question 50

The magnificence and complexity of ____ music became increasingly sought after, since it was seen to enhance worship on the highest ____ days, like Easter. It became a mark of ___, both for the musicians who practiced it and for those who sponsored its innovations and expressive potential; and thus set the stage for the entire unfolding of the ____ musical tradition

Answer 50

polyphonic; feast; distinction; Western

Question 51

Notre Dame School: Gaude Maria virgo (Rejoice, Virgin Mary): Melody: ___, ___ ideas exchanged between the ____ voices

Answer 51

short, repeated; upper

Question 52

Notre Dame School: Gaude Maria virgo (Rejoice, Virgin Mary): Rhythm/meter: simple patterns of ___ ____ ____ ___ in ___ voices over the ____-moving ____ voice (____)

Answer 52

long-short-long-short; upper; slow; bottom (tenor)

Question 53

Notre Dame School: Gaude Maria virgo (Rejoice, Virgin Mary): harmony: open, hollow-sounding _____ on the intervals of ___ and ___

Answer 53

cadences; fifths, octaves

Question 54

Notre Dame School: Gaude Maria virgo (Rejoice, Virgin Mary): Texture: ___-part ____; alternating with _____ ____

Answer 54

three; polyphony; monophonic; chant

Question 55

Notre Dame School: Gaude Maria virgo (Rejoice, Virgin Mary): Expression: The opening words “Gaude Maria: are drawn out in a ____ ____ setting

Answer 55

long melismatic

Question 56

Notre Dame School: Gaude Maria virgo (Rejoice, Virgin Mary): performing forces: _____, _____ sing ___, ____ sings ____

Answer 56

a cappella; soloist, organum; choir, chant

Question 57

Notre Dame School: Gaude Maria virgo (Rejoice, Virgin Mary): text: ____ in praise of ____ ____

Answer 57

prayer, Virgin Mary