Chapter 16 Flashcards
Medieval poet-musicians in southern France.
troubadours
Medieval poet-musicians in northern France.
trouvères
French monophonic or polyphonic song, especially of the Middle Ages and Renaissance, set to either courtly or popular poetry.
chanson
Musical form in which the first section recurs several times, usually in the tonic. In the Classical multimovement cycle, it appears as the last movement in various forms, such as A-B-A-B-A, A-B-A-C-A, and A-B-A-C-A-B-A.
rondo
A form of English street song, popular from the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries. characterized by narrative content and strophic form.
ballad
In the Western tradition, music has been linked with _____ and ___ since antiquity
mathematics, geometry
Ancient Greek mathematician _____ was renowned for his musical experiments
Pythagoras
In medieval times, the four topics (_____) considered essential to education were ____, ____, ____, and ____
Quadrivium; music, mathematics, geometry, astronomy
Musicians have remained involved in exploring the ____ or ____ implications of their art and conveying ____ through sound
mathematical, geometrical; puzzles
Alongside the learned music of the cathedrals and choir schools grew a popular repertory of _____ and ____ that reflected every aspect of medieval life
songs, dances
Some musicians lived on the fringe of society, wandering among the _____ and ____ and entertaining audiences with their songs, dancing, juggling, and tricks
courts and towns
On a higher social level were the ____-____ who flourished at the various ____ of Europe. Those in the south of France were known as ______, while those in northern France were _____ - both terms mean “_____” or “_____”
poet-musicians; courts; troubadours; trouveres; “finders”, “inventors”
Aristocratic musicians wrote ____ with ____ that ranged from ____ songs and ____ to _____ and ____ ditties and chronicles of _____
poetry with music, love, laments. political, moral, Crusades
Medieval lyrics dealt with unrequited, or unconsummated, _____, idealizing the unobtainable object. At first these songs were _____, but the _____ developments in sacred music soon carried over to the ____ realm, as we will hear in the works of _____ _ ____, whose music bridges the tradition of the _____ and a new creative sensibility
passion; monophonic; polyphonic; secular; Guillame de Machuat; trouveres
Extending over some 200 years from 1095 to 1291, the ___ were a series of religious wars waged by Western Europeans to win back the Holy Land of Palestine from the Muslim, at once were the violent episodes in recorded history and one of the most influential forces on medieval _____
Crusades; Europe
Crusades: the movement of vast armies across the European Continent created increased ____ along routes, and allowed westerns to gain more knowledge of the world and other ways of life through their contact with Islam.
trade
Crusades: The crusading knights learned from expert ____ skills of the Turkish and Morrish warriors, the advanced ____ and ____ knowledge of the Arab world was imported to Europe. The Arab ____ system was adopted in the West
military; medical, scientific; number
Musicians who traveled eastward with crusading armies brought ____, ____ ideas, and ______ of all types back to their homeland
music, theoretical, instruments
The medieval ____, a small bowed-string instrument that was a forerunner of the modern violin, derived from the Arba rabbi and the loud, double-reed ____, the predecessor of the modern boa, was a military instrument used by Turkish armies. Many of out orchestral percussion instruments stem from Turkish models as well, including _____, ____, and ____ ____.
rebec; shawm; cymbals, bells, and bass drum
Crusaders heard the sounds of the Muslim military ____ and ___ and soon adopted these as their call to battle. The foundation of our Western system of early ____ (____) also came from Eastern theoretical systems
trumpets, drums; scales (modes)
Crusades: an aura of ____ and ____. Stories of knightly ____ and chivalric ____
romance, mystery; courage, love
European contacts with Eastern cultures, along with developments in feudal ___ structure; inspired new concepts of life, art, and beauty. These changes were reflected in the musical style known as ____ ___ (new art), which appeared in the early 1300s in France, and soon thereafter in Italy
Ars nova
The music of the French ___ ___, more refined and complex than music of the ____ _____ (old art), which it displaced, ushered in developments of ____, _____, _____, and ____ that transformed the art of music
Ars nova; ars antiqua; rhythm, meter, harmony, counterpoint
Writers like Petrarch, Boccaccio, and Chaucer were turning from otherworldly ideals to human subjects; painters soon discovered the beauty of nature and attractiveness of the human form; Similarly, composers like the French master _____ turned increasingly from ____ to ____ themes
Machaut; religious, secular
Influence of Machaut’s, a ___-___, was far-reaching, his music and poetry admired long after death; he was also the first composer to….
poet-composer; self-consciously collect his works and leave them for posterity
Machaut’s music introduced a new freedom of rhythm characterized by gentle ____ and the interplay of ___ and ___ meters.
syncopations; duple, triple
Machaut: In his secular works, he favored the _____, which was generally set to a French courtly love poem written in one of several fixed text forms
chanson
Several text forms of chanson: ______, ____, and ____- established the musical ____ scheme of the chansons
rondeau, ballade, virelai; repetition
A rondeau by Machaut presents both an ____ text and a hidden musical structure, involving _____, words or phrases that read the same backward or forward (in music, it is the ____ movement).
enigmatic; palindromes; retrograde
Machuat’s text reiterates the refrain “______”, a sentiment found in several biblical passages and one taken up by various rulers. used by Mary, Queen of Scots
My end is my beginning and my beginning is my end
Machaut’s chanson, propose may not be merely to ____ but to carry a ____ connotation as well
amuse; religious
_____ the foremost poet-composer of the Ars nova.
Machaut
Machaut: took early orders at an early age but worked most of his life at various _____ courts, including that of Charles, duke of Normandy (later became King)
French
Machaut’s double career as ____ and ____ inspired him to write both ____ and ____ music
cleric, courtier; religious, secular
Machaut;s poetry embraces the ideals of medieval _____. One of his writings more than 9000 lines tells the platonic love story of an aging Machaut and a girl, Peronne. The two exchanged poems and letters, some of which he set to ____. He spent his final years as a priest and canon at the Cathedral of ____; admired as greatest musician and poet of the time
chivalry; music; Reims
Machaut major works: ____. ____, (both _____ and _____), a polyphonic ____ (Messe de Notre Dame), one of the earliest complete settings of the Ordinary of the Mass
motets, chansons, polyphonic and monophonic, Mass
As a priest and canon at the Reims Cathedral, Machaut was familiar with the famous octagonal ____ or ____ built into the floor of the church, and with ritual processions held on holy days that traversed this, with _____ in motion in each direction symbolic of Christ’s path through hell to resurrection
labyrinth; maze; retrograde
Machaut: labyrinth: _____ structure of Ma fin est mon commencement, which the two ____ voices trade parts in ____ at the center of the work (the ___ B section is the ____ A section in and vice versa) While the bottom voice, the ___, is a ____ of itself at midpoint. He provides clues to the structure in ____
palindromic; upper; retrograde; cantus; triplum
Elements of balance and symmetry can be heard in Machaut’s other works; the ____ works of Machaut and his contemporaries in the Ars nova reflect a growing interest in both ____ and ____ of musical patterns . These puzzles often require the listener to focus carefully and listen several times to understand expression.
secular; regularity; complexity
Machaut: Ma fin est mon commencement (My end is my beginning): Melody: _____, with long ____
wavelike, melismas
Machaut: Ma fin est mon commencement (My end is my beginning): rhythm/meter: ____ meter, ____
duple meter, syncopated
Machaut: Ma fin est mon commencement (My end is my beginning): Harmony; open, hollow _____
cadences
Machaut: Ma fin est mon commencement (My end is my beginning): Texture: non-_____ _____
imitative; polyphony
Machaut: Ma fin est mon commencement (My end is my beginning): Form: ___ sections, A and B, repeated ABaAabAB (uppercase=_____; lowercase=____) _____ in voices
two; refrain; verses; palindromes
Machaut: Ma fin est mon commencement (My end is my beginning): Performing forces: ____ ____
three voices
Machaut: Ma fin est mon commencement (My end is my beginning): text: _____ by the composer; ____ text
rondeau; puzzle
