Prelims Flashcards by Lili Popp

Passage for the spinal cord,
meninges,
vertebral arteries, and
spinal accessory nerves.

Foramen Magnum

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Transmitting oculomotor nerve (CN III),
trochlear nerve (CN IV),
ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve (CN V1),
abducens nerve (CN VI), and
ophthalmic veins.

Superior Orbital Fissure

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Structures: Transmitting the optic nerve (CN II) and ophthalmic artery.

Optic Canal

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Passage for the maxillary division of trigeminal nerve (CN V2).

Foramen Rotundum

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Transmitting the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX),
vagus nerve (CN X),
accessory nerve (CN XI),
jugular vein, and
meningeal branches.

Jugular Foramen

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Location: Located in the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone.

Optic Canal:

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Location: Between the lesser and greater wings of the sphenoid bone.

Superior Orbital Fissure:

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Filled with cartilage in the living, but transmits small meningeal vessels

Foramen Lacerum

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, positioned exceptionally close to the skin surface, exhibit minimal subcutaneous fat between their fibers and the dermis

orbicularis oculi muscles

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Transmitting the middle meningeal artery and
meningeal branch of mandibular nerve (CN V3).

Foramen Spinosum

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Transmitting the mandibular division of trigeminal nerve (CN V3),
accessory meningeal artery, and
emissary veins.

Foramen Ovale

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Passage for facial nerve (CN VII), vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII), and labyrinthine artery.

Internal Acoustic Meatus

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The facial muscles play two crucial roles within the body:

mastication and
facial expressions

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T or F
The medial pterygoid,
originating on the lateral pterygoid plate, completes a sling with the temporalis,

FALSE
The medial pterygoid,
originating on the lateral pterygoid plate, completes a sling with the masseter,

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a fan-shaped origin across multiple bones, deepens beneath the
zygomatic arch and inserts on the mandible’s coronoid process and ramus

temporalis

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originating beneath the zygomatic arch, wraps around the mandible angle, ensuring robust jaw closure

masseter

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The primary muscles involved in mastication

Temporalis,
Medial
Pterygoid,
Lateral pterygoid, and
Masseter

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situated more superficially, causes vertical glabellar rhytides or “frown lines,”

corrugator supercilii

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originating on the lateral pterygoid plate,
inserts on the mandible’s condyle

lateral pterygoid

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facilitating chin protrusion and jaw opening

lateral pterygoid

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aids in jaw closure
and chin protrusion

medial pterygoid

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T or F
The mylohyoid and anterior digastric muscles contribute to jaw opening, extending from the hyoid bone to the inner aspect of the mandible

TRUE

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Location: Between the petrous part of the temporal bone and the occipital bone

Jugular Foramen

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an even more superficial midline muscle, creates horizontal rhytides at the
root of the nose

procerus

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T or F orbicularis oculi play a pivotal role in opening the eyes depressing brows, and causing crow's feet wrinkles

FALSE orbicularis oculi play a pivotal role in closing the eyes depressing brows, and causing crow's feet wrinkles

most frequently replaced muscle in facial reanimation surgery, works alongside the **** minor to elevate the oral commissure during smiling

zygomaticus major

nasal muscles, including the depressor septi and dilator naris, have roles in?

pulling down the nasal tip during upper lip movement and flaring the nostrils, respectively

the risorius pulls the corner of the mouth directly outward, while the buccinator tightens the cheek to prevent food pocketing

oral commissure

causing vertical "bunny lines"

nasalis

The elevators of the upper lip, * contribute to various smiling movements

levator labii superioris alaeque nasi, levator labii superioris, and levator anguli oris

Location: Between the petrous part of the temporal bone and the sphenoid bone

Foramen Lacerum

Location: Located on the petrous part of the temporal bone.

Internal Acoustic Meatus:

Hypertrophy of these muscles might lead to bags under the lower eyelids known as festoons, though this is not the primary cause of baggy eyelids.

Facial muscles

Name, Functional class, and function of of Cranial Nerve IV

Trochlear Motor Eye movement (superior oblique muscle)

T or F Compared to other muscles, facial muscles exhibit a higher concentration of fast-twitch fibers and fewer mitochondria

TRUE

the fastest muscles in the human body belong to facial expression:

the orbicularis oculi and the zygomaticus major

Name, Functional class, and function of of Cranial Nerve VII

Facial Mixed Facial expression taste, salivary glands

Location: In the greater wing of the sphenoid bone.

Foramen Spinosum:

Location: In the greater wing of the sphenoid bone.

Foramen Ovale:

Location: At the base of the skull, where the skull joins the spine.

Foramen Magnum:

Location: In the greater wing of the sphenoid bone.

Foramen Rotundum:

Name, Functional class, and function of of Cranial Nerve I

Olfactory Sensory Smell

Name, Functional class, and function of of Cranial Nerve II

Optic Sensory Vision

Name, Functional class, and function of of Cranial Nerve V

Trigeminal Mixed Sensation in the face, chewing

Name, Functional class, and function of of Cranial Nerve VI

Abducens Motor Lateral eye movement

Name, Functional class, and function of of Cranial Nerve III

Oculomotor Motor Eye movement, pupil constriction

Name, Functional class, and function of of Cranial Nerve VIII

Vestibulocochlear Sensory Hearing, balance

Name, Functional class, and function of of Cranial Nerve IX

Glossopharyngeal Mixed Swallowing, taste, gag reflex, salivary glands

Name, Functional class, and function of of Cranial Nerve XI

Hypoglossal Motor Tongue movement, speech articulation

Name, Functional class, and function of of Cranial Nerve X

Vagus Mixed Involuntary muscles of the throat and larynx, heart, digestive functions

FUNCTIONS OF THE SCALP

Skin = barrier = Protection Shock absorption

BORDERS OF THE SCALP Posterior Anterior Lateral

Posterior = Superior Nuchal Line Anterior = Superior Orbital margin Lateral = Zygomatic minor (arc)

Name, Functional class, and function of of Cranial Nerve XII

Accessory Motor Shoulder and neck movement

Layer of the Scalp that: Contains hair follicles Very thin Has sebaceous and Sweat Glands Has blood supply

Skin

Layer of the Scalp that: Thick and Dense Contains fat lobules (gives yellow color) Blood vessels are located here

Connective Tissue

Layer of the Scalp that: A lot of Spaces → Where the scalp moves

Loose Connective Tissue

Layer of the Scalp that: Nearest to the cranium (nakadikit na)

Periosteum

Layer of the Scalp that: Biggest structure Flat Tendon Occipital, Frontalis, Temporalis

Aponeurosis

Protective cover of the brain Spaces

MENINGES

Layer of the meninges that: Gentle Thinnest Highly vascularized Follows the contour of the brain

Pia mater

Layer of the meninges that is : Durable (thick) Meningeal Reflection(dividers)

Dura mater

In the Dura mater, describe each Falx cerebvrix - Falx cerebelly - Tentorum cerebelly - Cellar Digphrgam -

Falx cerebvrix - b/w 2 hemisphere (superior only) Falx cerebelly - b/w L/R cerebellujm Tentorum cerebelly - Below falx cerebelly Cellar Digphrgam - Pituitary area

The ONLY avascular layer blood vessels CSF is here

Arachnoid mater

Spaces of the Meninges and their description

Epidural - Common artery pumuputok (MMA) Subdural - If Blood goes here there is hemorage or TRAUMA, accidental hematoma Subaracnoid - True space, CSF exits here

layers of the meninges that are not usually present, it’s only present if there is a ?

Epidural and Subdural

True space CSF exits here

Subaracnoid

Meaning of MMA

-Middle Minengial Artery

most likely problem with the Subdural; SSX Retinal Bleeding

Sahken Baby Syndrome

Layers of the meninges that is at the layer of the pons

🔖 Luschka and Magendi is at the level of the PONS

CSF flow Foramen of Monroe → Third Ventricle → ____

Silvian Aqueduct

CSF flow Choroid Plexus → Lateral Ventricles → _______?

Foramen of Monroe

CSF flow: Luschka → Magendi → Subarachnoid Space -> __

Arachnoid villa

🔖 Sub arachnoid Space has a connection with?

Emissary Vein

CSF flow Silvian Aqueduct → Fourt Ventricle → ___ Arachnoid villa

Luschka

Prelims Flashcards

Cranial nerves Cranial fossa SCALP, CALVARIA, & MENINGES OF THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD