Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

HISTOPATHOLOGY > PRELIM LEC: INTRODUCTION IN GENERAL PATHOLOGY > Flashcards

PRELIM LEC: INTRODUCTION IN GENERAL PATHOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q
  • underlying cause of death
  • structural and functional changes in cell, tissue and organ
  • molecular basis of disease
A

HISTOPATHOLOGY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Only in tertiary laboratory available (Hospitals)

A

HISTOPATHOLOGY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

4 DIVISIONS OF PATHOLOGY

A

GROSS PATHOLOGY
MICROSCOPIC PATHOLOGY
ANATOMICAL PATHOLOGY
CLINICAL PATHOLOGY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q
  • physical changes (color, weight, size of organ)
  • Macroscopic examination of tissues and organs
A

GROSS PATHOLOGY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q
  • microscopic changes
A

MICROSCOPIC PATHOLOGY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q
  • Surgical
  • Biopsy (living), Autopsy (dead)
     Histopathology
A

ANATOMICAL PATHOLOGY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

ANTE-MORTEM EXAMINATION

A

BIOPSY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

POST-MORTEM EXAMINATION

A

AUTOPSY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Stages of the Cellular Response to Stress and Injurious Stimuli

A
  • NORMAL CELL
  • ADAPTION
  • CELL INJURY
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Normal cells handle physiologic demand through______

A

Homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

act of maintaining a steady state

A

Homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

When there is a slightly severe stress, or some pathologic stimuli, cells undergo _______in order to survive and continue to function.

A

adaptation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

reversible structural and functional response of cells to stress and stimuli

A

adaptation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

But if the limits of adaptive response are exceeded, or when cells are exposed to injurious stimuli (agents or stress), or deprived of essential nutrients, _____ occurs.

A

cell injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q
  • altered cell structure or function due to exposed to injuries stimuli (agents or stress)
  • reversible or irreversible
A

cell injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

If the stimulus is mild and transient, the injury is ______. The cell may go back to its normal state.

A

reversible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

If it is severe and progressive, the injury is _________. Cells that undergo irreversible injury will ultimately suffer cell death, which may be pathological or physiological.

A

irreversible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Pathologic cell death

A

necrosis (Premature cell death)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Physiologic cell death

A

apoptosis (Programmed cell death)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Other types of stress can induce responses other than cellular
adaptation, injury and death. The responses are the following:

A
  • Autophagy
  • Intracellular accumulation of substances
  • Pathologic calcification
  • Cellular aging
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

starved cells eat its own components during nutrient deprivation (self-eating)

A

Autophagy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

too much substances such as proteins, lipids, hyaline, glycogen, pigments

A

Intracellular accumulation of substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

abnormal tissue deposition of calcium salts

A

Pathologic calcification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

progressive decline in the life span and functional capacity of cells

A

Cellular aging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
- Changes made by a cell in response to stress or stimuli - May be physiologic or pathologic
CELLULAR ADAPTATION
26
5 CELLULAR ADAPTION
Hypertrophy Hyperplasia Atrophy Metaplasia Dysplasia
27
- can be physiologic - increase of functional demand - specific hormone stimulation - Increased Cell Size TO Increased Organ Size - Due to increased protein synthesis
Hypertrophy
28
Most common stimulus of hypertrophy:
Increased Workload
29
3 TYPES OF HYPERTROPHY
TRUE FALSE COMPENSATORY
30
STIMULATED BY HORMONES
TRUE HYPERTROPHY
31
EXCESS OF ACCUMALATION OF MOLECULES
FALSE HYPERTROPHY
32
can take place only if some portion of the original structure is left to react to the loss
COMPENSATORY HYPERTROPHY
33
- Increased Cell Number TO Increased Organ Mass - Due to proliferative actions of growth factor, and/or stem cells
Hyperplasia
34
- decreased workload - loss of blood supply - inadequete nutrition - Decreased Cell Size & Number  Reduce tissue/organ size - Due to decreased protein synthesis, and increased protein degradation
Atrophy
35
- it cant cause disease - Change in one cell type to another - Due to reprogramming of existing stem cells in normal tissue, or of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells in order to withstand adverse environment
Metaplasia
36
- Abnormality of cell development - “disordered growth”; presence of abnormal cells within a tissue (reversible)
Dysplasia
37
2 TYPES OF PHYSIOLOGIC HYPERPLASIA
HORMONAL HYPERPLASIA COMPENSATORY HYPERPLASIA
38
Breast during puberty or pregnancy
HORMONAL HYPERPLASIA
39
Liver cells regeneration
COMPENSATORY HYPERPLASIA
40
PATHOLOGIC HYPERPLASIA
- Excess Hormonal Stimulation - Excess Growth Hormone Stimulation
41
Increased Estrogen TO Endometrial hyperplasia TO abnormal menstrual bleeding
Excess Hormonal Stimulation
42
Papillomavirus mucosal lesions
Excess Growth Hormone Stimulation
43
Any change from a state of health as a result of certain forms of stimuli and stress, which leads to impaired physiological functioning
Disease
44
father of modern pathology
Rudolf Virchow
45
Four Aspects of a Disease Process
ETIOLOGY PATHOGENESIS MORPHOLOGIC AND MOLECULAR CHANGES CLINICAL MANIFESTIONS
46
Cause or origin of the disease; might be genetic factors or acquired factors
ETIOLOGY
47
- Mechanisms of the development of the disease - Sequence of events from initial stimulus to ultimate expression of the disease - How etiologic factors trigger cellular & molecular changes in a disease
PATHOGENESIS
48
Structural, biochemical and molecular alterations induced in the cells and organs of the body as a result of the disease
MORPHOLOGIC AND MOLECULAR CHANGES
49
Functional consequence of the changes
CLINICAL MANIFESTIONS
50
Effects that can be observed by others
SIGNS
51
Effects apparent only to the patient
SYMPTOMS
52
- decreased workloads - loss of blood supply - inadequate nutrition
ATROPHY
53
- Decreased Cell Size & Number  Reduce tissue/organ size - Due to decreased protein synthesis, and increased protein degradation
ATROPHY
54
- aging - may be increased and complicated by the presence of arteriosclerosis.
SENILE ATROPHY
55
HYPERTROPHY CAN CO-EXIST WITH HYPERPLASIA BECAUSE THEY HAVE THE SAME STIMULUS. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
56
- as in puberty when the thymus and the lymphoid organs decrease in size (e.g. Atrophy of uterus after pregnancy)
PHYSIOLOGIC ATROPHY
57
TYPES OF ATROPHY (PATHOLOGIC)
1. Atrophy of disuse 2. Vascular Atrophy 3. Starvation Atrophy 4. Loss of endocrine hormone stimulation 5. Pressure Atrophy 6. Exhaustion Atrophy
58
decreased workload, thus diminished function of organ (e.g. skeletal muscle atrophy due to bedrest)
Atrophy of disuse
59
Diminished/loss blood supply (ischemia) e.g. brain atrophy during atherosclerosis
Vascular Atrophy
60
- inadequate nutrition of cell e.g. muscle wasting (or cachexia) due to use of skeletal muscle as source of energy during protein malnutrition
Starvation Atrophy
61
- due to decrease of regulating hormones e.g. breast atrophy after menopause due to loss of estrogen stimulation
Loss of endocrine hormone stimulation
62
as in growth of tumors, atrophy occurs when tumors suppress the blood supply or by directly putting pressure to surrounding healthy cells
Pressure Atrophy
63
due to increase in metabolism resulting to increase of metabolites and loss of the actual cell space
Exhaustion Atrophy
64
- it cant cause a disease - Change in one cell type to another - Due to reprogramming of existing stem cells in normal tissue, or of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells in order to withstand adverse environment
METAPLASIA
65
METAPLASIA 2 TYPES
EPITHELIAL METAPLASIA MESENCHYMAL METAPLASIA
66
Habitual cigarette smokers - ciliated columnar cells of trachea and bronchi are replaced by stratified squamous cells
EPITHELIAL METAPLASIA
67
Barrett esophagus - squamous cells of esophagus are replaced by intestinal-like columnar cells in response to refluxed acid
MESENCHYMAL METAPLASIA
68
squamous cells of esophagus are replaced by intestinal-like columnar cells in response to refluxed acid
BARRETTE ESOPHAGUS/SYNDROME
69
- Abnormality of cell development - “disordered growth”; presence of abnormal cells within a tissue (reversible)
DYSPLASIA
70
MICROSCOPIC CHANGES SEEN IN DYSPLASTIC CELL (dysplasia)
Anisocytosis Poikilocytosis Hyperchromatin Presence of mitotic figures
71
ed blood cells that are of different SIZES
Anisocytosis
72
an increase in abnormal-SHAPED red blood cells
Poikilocytosis
73
darken color
Hyperchromatin
74
A measure of how fast cancer cells are dividing and growing
Presence of mitotic figures
75
Alteration in cell structure or function due to stress or pathologic stimuli
CELLULAR INJURY
76
CELLULAR INJURY CAUSES
Hypoxia Physical Agents Chemical Agents and Drugs Infectious Agents Immunologic Reactions Genetic Abnormalities Nutritional Imbalances
77
Morphological Alterations in Cell Injury
1. Generalized swelling of cell and organelles - first manifestation 2. Blebbing of plasma membrane 3. Detachment of ribosome from ER 4. Clumping of nuclear chromatin
78
Occurs after irreversible injury
CELL DEATH

HISTOPATHOLOGY (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions