PREFINALS: IMPREGNATION AND EMBEDDING Flashcards
AKA Infiltration
IMPREGNATION
Removal of clearing agent from the tissue and replacing it with the infiltrating media
IMPREGNATION
This infiltrating media will completely fill all tissue cavities, thus giving firm consistency, as well as allow easy handling and cutting of thin tissue
IMPREGNATION
Incomplete Impregnation =
Airholes in tissue sections
Main factors: method of impregnation, nature and size of tissue, clearing agent used
IMPREGNATION
Types of Tissue Impregnation and Embedding Media:
- Paraffin impregnation
- Celloidin (Colloidin) impregnation
- Gelatin impregnation
- Plastic
Simplest, common and best media for routine processing
Paraffin
ADV: sections are cut easily without distortion; very rapid (24hrs); permits many staining procedures;
Paraffin
DADV: not for fatty tissues; must fully impregnate the tissue to avoid tissue crumbling
Paraffin
Paraffin
Melting point for routine work:
56C
Paraffin
Never overheat (>60OC):
causes brittleness, shrinkage, hardening; destruction of lymph tissue
maintain at 2 to 5C higher than MP of wax
Paraffin oven
Wax must be filtered first using coarse filter paper such as Green’s No. 904 in wax oven at 2OC higher than MP of wax
Paraffin
Used pure
Paraffin
Reusable only once, but remove water first by boiling to 100-105OC
Paraffin
Methods of Paraffin Impregnation:
- Manual
- Automatic
- Vacuum Embedding
Atleast 4 changes of paraffin every 15 minutes
Manual
Uses machines like Autotechnicon and Elliot Bench-Type Processor, which fixes, dehydrates, clears, and infiltrates tissues
Automatic
Infiltration is usually at stations 11 and 12
Autotechnicon
ADV: Has constant agitation speedy procedure
Autotechnicon
NOTE: Any odor in clearing agent indicates that the paraffin wax should be changed
Autotechnicon
Wax bath thermostat should be set atleast 3 degrees above the MP of paraffin
Autotechnicon
Fastest (25-75% reduction of usual impregnation time)
Vacuum Embedding
Uses embedding oven with negative atmospheric pressure rapid removal of air bubbles (e.g. lungs) and clearing agent rapid infiltration
Vacuum Embedding
For urgent biopsies, delicate tissues (e.g. CNS, eyes)
Vacuum Embedding
Paraffin Wax Substitutes:
- Paraplast
- Embeddol
- Bioloid
- Tissue Mat
- Ester Wax
- Water Soluble Waxes (Polyethylene glycol)
Mixture of pure paraffin and synthetic plastic polymer (Dimethyl sulfoxide); more elastic and resilient
Paraplast
MP: 56-57C
Paraplast
less brittle, and less compressible (MP: 56-57OC)
Embeddol
semisynthetic; for embedding of eyes
Bioloid
has rubber
Tissue Mat
Water insoluble but soluble in 95% ethanol, thus prior clearing is not needed
Ester Wax
MP: 46-48C
Ester Wax
Harder than paraffin thus used with sliding/sledge-type microtome
Ester Wax
But Cellosolve, and xylene may be used if indicated
Ester Wax
MP: 38-42OC or 45-56OC
Water Soluble Waxes (Polyethylene glycol)
Water Soluble Waxes (Polyethylene glycol) most common:
Carbowax
Carbowax
absorbs water; no need for dehydration and clearing
Hygroscopic
Easily dissolved in water, thus sections are difficult to float out and mount
[Remedy: add soap to water, or 10% polyethylene glycol 900 in water]
Carbowax
Neutral fats and lipids can be demonstrated
Carbowax
Not exposed to too much heat, thus for enzyme histochemistry
Carbowax
AKA colloidin
Celloidin
Purified form of nitrocellulose/gun cotton
Celloidin
Concentration: in 2%, 4%, 8% dissolved in equal parts of ether and ROH
Celloidin
Specimen with large and hollow cavities which tend to collapse; hard and dense tissues; neurologic tissues
Celloidin
ADV: Does not require heat for processing; rubbery
Celloidin
DADV: very slow (days to weeks)
Celloidin
Celloidin Methods:
- Wet Celloidin
- Dry Celloidin
For bones, brain, teeth
Wet Celloidin
Wet Celloidin procedure:
- Fixation & Dehydration
- Place tissue in ether-alcohol
- Thin celloidin
- Medium celloidin
- Thick celloidin
- Remove specimen and the put it in fresh thick celloidin
- Keep in jar or dessicator until ether-alcohol
evaporates - Store tissue block in 70%-80% alcohol
No fingerprint marks on
surface of tissue block
Complete impregnation
For whole eye sections
Dry Celloidin
Uses Gilson’s mixture (equal parts of chloroform and cedar wood oil) for storage, instead of 70% to 80% alcohol
Dry Celloidin
Has lower viscosity, thus can be used in high
concentrations, and rapid tissue penetration
Nitrocellulose Method/Low Viscosity Nitrocellulose (LVN)
*
ADV: Harder tissue block, thus thinner sections are possible
Nitrocellulose Method/Low Viscosity Nitrocellulose (LVN)
DADV: Explosive when dry d/t nitrates
Nitrocellulose Method/Low Viscosity Nitrocellulose (LVN)
Nitrocellulose Method/Low Viscosity Nitrocellulose (LVN)
(e.g. oleum ricini or castor oil) is needed
to prevent tissue cracking in chrome-mordanted tissues
Plasticizer
Rarely used
Gelatin
For histochemical, enzyme studies, and frozen sections
Gelatin
ADV: Water soluble (no dehydration and clearing needed)
Gelatin
DADV: may decay
Gelatin
Gelatin TSE must be:
<2-3mm thick
Gelatin Procedure:
- Wash out of fixative
- Put tissue in 10% gelatin with 1% phenol
- 20% gelatin with 1% phenol
- Fresh 20% gelatin with 1% phenol
- Cool in refrigerator
- 10% formalin
Gelatin
TSE:IMPERGNATING AGENT ratio is set at
1:25
Gelatin
must be added to prevent molds
1% Phenol
AKA Casting, Blocking
EMBEDDING
Placing the impregnated tissue into a mold with embedding media, and then allowing the media to solidify
EMBEDDING
Arrangement of the tissue in a precise position in the mold during embedding
Orientation
Surface to be cut should be parallel to bottom of the mold
EMBEDDING
Molds should bear the accession number
EMBEDDING
EMBEDDING Procedure:
Put tissue with label on a mold, immerse them in melted paraffin at 5-10 OC higher than MP of wax, then rapidly cool in a refrigerator at -5
OC, or in cold water
Embedding Molds:
- Leuckhart’s Embedding mold
- Compound embedding unit
- Plastic embedding rings and base molds
- Disposable molds
L-shaped strips of heavy brass and metal; reusable and adjustable
Leuckhart’s Embedding mold
Interlocking plates resting on flat metal base; for batch embedding
Compound embedding unit
Plastic embedding rings and base molds
Special stainless steel base mold fitted with
a plastic embedding ring (serves as block
holder during cutting)
has paraffin reservoir, tissue
tank, warm plate and cold plate (-5C)
TissueTek
(thin plastic mold)
Peel-away
Disposable molds:
- Peel-away
- Plastic Ice tray
- Paper boats
(inner mold smeared with
glycerin or liquid paraffin),
Plastic Ice tray
Other Embedding Methods:
- Double embedding method
- Plastic (Resin) embedding
celloidin first, then paraffin; for large blocks of dense tissues; obsolete
Double embedding method
Plastic (Resin) embedding Classes:
- Epoxy
- Polyester
- Acrylic Plastics
For High resolution light microscopy of thinner than usual sections, renal biopsies, BM biopsies
Plastic (Resin) embedding
For electron microscopy
Epoxy
Most widely applied, but carcinogenic due to
vinylcyclohexane dioxide (VCD) component
Epoxy
Epoxy Types:
- Bisphenol A (Araldite)
- Glycerol (Epon)
- Cyclohexene Dioxide (Spurr)
slow
Bisphenol A (Araldite)
low viscosity
Glycerol (Epon)
very low viscosity; fastest
Cyclohexene Dioxide (Spurr)
For electron microscopy; seldom used
Polyester
For High resolution light microscopy
Acrylic Plastics
E.g., polyglycol methacrylate (GMA), methyl metacrylate (MMA)
Acrylic Plastics
catalyst; forms radicals, which are
site for polymerization
Benzoyl peroxide
Acrylic plastics must be stored in dark bottles to prevent radical formation and premature polymerization
Acrylic Plastics
Embedding media may be stained, thus use hydrophobic MMA
Acrylic Plastics