PRELIM LAB: THE HISTOPATHOLOGY LABORATORY Flashcards
- HISTPATHOLOGY LABORATORY, EXAMINATION OF TISSUES IN HISTOPATHOLOGY LABORATORY, FIXED TISSUE EXAMINATION
Study of tissues affected by disease
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HISTOPATHOLOGY
Useful in making a diagnosis and in determining the severity and progress of a condition
HISTOPATHOLOGY
Duration of specimen storage:
at least 1-2 weeks
obsolete, not often used
nowadays
Fresh tissue examination
should be stored in the
lab forever
Autopsy specimen
head of the laboratory
Pathologist
supports the pathologist
Associate Pathologist
- The medical technologist
- Provides slides that are properly labeled,
processed, stained, mounted, and
sequenced
Histotechnologist/Histotechnician
- Ensures that formalin and other agents are
fresh and in good working quality - Maintains equipment in high-quality condition
- Performs preventing maintenance, as well as
troubleshooting procedures
Histotechnologist/Histotechnician
- Sections large and hollow organs to allow fixation
- Examines the tissue sections, cytologic slides
under the microscope - Monitors staff performance
- Pinpoint problematic situations and find
solutions
Pathologist and Assistant Pathologist
Set of procedures or technical activities on fulfilling
quality
QUALITY CONTROL
- Ensuring that everything is right (test, time,
specimen, patient, diagnosis, and price) - Includes availability of reagents, supplies, preventive maintenance and monitoring of equipment and evaluation of the quality of services
QUALITY ASSURANCE
TYPES OF HISTOPATHOLOGIC PROCESS
- Tissue Processing
- Frozen Biopsy
- Special Staining
- Immunohistochemistry
HISTOPATHOLOGIC TECHNIQUES
Includes all activities done in the laboratory in order to produce a suitable specimen side for viewing by the pathologist
- Proper specimen collection and processing of results and documentation
- High quality of reagents and equipment
- Continuous professional education of staff
QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
- Set of coordinated activities to regulate a lab in order to continually improve its performance
- Skilled personnel
- Considers pre-analytic, analytic, and post-analytic phase
QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
from receiving of specimen to
encoding of patient information
Pre-analytic
Skilled histotechnologist/histotechnician
which are responsible for:
- Proper specimen collection
- Proper processing of specimen
- Efficient processing of results
tissue processing phase
Analytic
To ensure an effective QMS, the histopathology laboratory should have the following:
Skilled histotechnologist/histotechnician
reading of slides and final
diagnosis
Post-analytic
Numerically, alphabetically, or chronologically arranged
DOCUMENTS
Request Form
- Name, Age, Sex, Date of Birth
- Hospital or Lab Accession #
- Specimen Type/Source; Clinical Impressions
- Pertinent History, Operative Findings
- Test Requested, Procedure performed
- Date & Time of Request, Collection, and
Transport - Requesting Physician
Request Form info + Diagnosis and
Gross/Microscopic findings + Name of
pathologist
Patient Report
TYPES OF RESULTS
- Surgical Pathology
- Cytopathology
- Autopsy Report
TURNAROUND TIME (TAT) OF RESULTS
Surgical Pathology and Cytology
2 days
TURNAROUND TIME (TAT) OF RESULTS
Frozen Sections
5-15 minutes
TURNAROUND TIME (TAT) OF RESULTS
Autopsy Report
7 days
preliminary diagnosis
Telephone Report
status of results 48-74 hours from
receiving
Prelim Report
conveys results after test is completed
Final Report
documents occurrence of problems
Incident Report
Tissues for examination are usually obtained through biopsy or autopsy. They range from whole organs or very large specimens to tiny fragments of tissue
EXAMINATION OF TISSUES IN HISTOPATHOLOGY LABORATORY
● AKA Necropsy; Thanatopsy
● Post-mortem examination of tissues
AUTOPSY
AUTOPSY PURPOSES:
● Determine cause of death and extent of injury
● Uncovering existence of an undetected disease
TYPES OF AUTOPSY ACCORDING TO:
- PURPOSE
- COMPLETENESS
- MANNER OF INCISION
TYPES OF AUTOPSY ACCORDING TO: PURPOSE
performed on a patient
who dies in a hospital during course of treatment
Medical/Hospital
TYPES OF AUTOPSY ACCORDING TO:
● Partial
● Complete
COMPLETENESS
TYPES OF AUTOPSY ACCORDING TO:
● Y-shaped
● Straight Cut (I-shaped)
MANNER OF INCISION
TYPES OF AUTOPSY ACCORDING TO: PURPOSE
generates evidentiary document that forms a basis for opinions rendered in a criminal trial, civil suit, and the like
Medico-legal
DISSECTION/EVISCERATION TECHNIQUES
- VIRCHOW
- ROKITANSKY
- GHON
- LETULLE
DISSECTION/EVISCERATION TECHNIQUES
● One by one removal of organs
● MOST WIDELY USED
VIRCHOW
DISSECTION/EVISCERATION TECHNIQUES
● “In situ” (in place) dissection, followed by en bloc removal
ROKITANSKY
DISSECTION/EVISCERATION TECHNIQUES
● “en bloc” removal
● Organs of same group/cavity/region are removed at the same time
GHON
DISSECTION/EVISCERATION TECHNIQUES
● “en masse” removal of organs
● All organs are removed at the same time, then dissected by blocks
LETULLE
PREREQUISITES TO PERFORMING AUTOPSY
- Written or informed consent from the legal next-of-kin
- Order of priority: spouse, adult child, either
parent, adult sibling, grandparent, guardian - Medical abstract or clinical data
- Autopsy Request (suspicious evidence of foul play)
PREREQUISITES TO PERFORMING AUTOPSY
spouse, adult child, either
parent, adult sibling, grandparent, guardian
Order of priority
PERSONNEL
- Coroner
- Prosector
- Diener
a public official who is empowered to order
an inquest into the manner or cause of death
Coroner
pathologist who performs the dissection
Prosector
comes from German word “leichendiener”
meaning “servant of the dead”; assists during
autopsy, and assumes many and varied
responsibilities in the autopsy laboratory
Diener
Organ block removed from the body cavity should be thoroughly washed of blood using ___________ to minimize the blood staining of organs. NEVER USE HOT WATER.
cool or cold water
Organ blocks are placed in a large enameled potmcontaining fixative, filled to about __________.
⅓ capacity
Tissues should not be pressed against each other ormthe bottom or walls of the container. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
Lesions that are encountered during dissection should be _____________ before organ is fully incised.
obtained early and placed in fixative
● Ante-mortem examination of tissues (ante=before; mortem=death)
● Examination of tissue sample from the living
BIOPSY
TYPES OF BIOPSY
- FINE NEEDLE ASPIRATION (FNA)
- CORE NEEDLE
- INCISIONAL
- EXCISIONAL
- PUNCH
- SHAVE
- CURETTAGE
Simplest, LEAST INVASIVE
Uses very thin needle attached to syringe to take out small amount of fluid and tissue from area
FINE NEEDLE ASPIRATION (FNA)
Surgical; small part of a large lesion or tumor is taken
INCISIONAL
Uses slightly larger needle
Remove small column of tissue (1/16 inch in
diameter, ½ inch long)
CORE NEEDLE
Surgical; entire affected area is taken
EXCISIONAL
For skin; uses circular blade to obtain deeper skin sample that removes a short cylindrical core of tissue (“apple core”)
PUNCH
For skin; small fragments of out layers of skin are “shaved” or scraped
SHAVE
Tissues are removed from body cavity (or canals) using a curette (instrument with a tip shaped like a small scoop or hook)
CURETTAGE
METHODS OF EXAMINATION OF BIOPSY SPECIMENS
- FRESH
- PRESERVED
Allows examination of cells in their living state
FRESH TISSUE EXAMINATION
FRESH TISSUE EXAMINATION DISADVANTAGES
Subject to ischemia, therefore not
permanent, and liable to changes
FRESH TISSUE EXAMINATION ADVANTAGES
View protoplasmic activities (motion,
mitosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis)