ENHANCEMENT CLASS: GENERAL PATHOLOGY Flashcards
FATHER OF PATHOLOGY
Rudolph Virchow
forms the exoskeleton (external layer)
Ectoderm
Parts of Ectoderm
- Skin cells of epidermis
- Neuron on brain
- Pigment cells
develops into organs (middle layer)
Mesoderm
Parts of Mesoderm
- Cardiac muscle cells
- Skeletal muscle cells
- Tubule cells of the kidney
- Red blood cells
- Smooth muscle cells (in gut)
forms the inner lining of organs (internal layer)
Endoderm
Parts of Endoderm
- Lung cells (alveolar cell)
- Thyroid cells
- Digestive cells (pancreatic cell)
FOUR TYPES OF TISSUES:
Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous
- Lining of GI tract organs and other hollow organs
- Skin surface (epidermis)
Epithelial Tissue
- Fat and other soft padding tissue
- Bone
- Tendon
Connective Tissue
- Cardiac muscle
- Smooth muscle
- Skeletal muscle
Muscular Tissue
- Brain
- Spinal cord
- Nerves
Nervous Tissue
line the outer surfaces of organs and blood vessels throughout the body, as well as the inner surfaces of cavities in many internal organs. Also, a protective layer
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
The major component in all EPITHELIAL TISSUE:
EPITHELIAL CELL
Tissue that supports, protects, and gives structure to other tissues and organs in the body.
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
The major component in all CONNECTIVE TISSUE:
COLLAGEN
A specialized tissue, which applies forces to different parts of the body by contraction.
MUSCULAR TISSUE
The major component in all MUSCULAR TISSUE:
ACTIN & MYOSIN
MAJOR MUSCULAR TISSUE
- Skeletal muscle
- Visceral muscle
- Cardiac muscle
MINOR MUSCULAR TISSUE
- Myoepitheliocyte
- Myofibroblasts
Found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It is responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities.
NERVOUS TISSUE
The major component in all NERVOUS TISSUE:
NERVE CELLS & GLIAL CELLS
Branch of medicine that deals with the laboratory examination of samples of boy tissue for diagnostic or forensic purposes.
PATHOLOGY
is the study of healthy tissue
HISTOLOGY
____includes the study of unhealthy tissue
PATHOLOGY
GREEK WORD OF PATHOLOGY
“pathos” and “logos” – study of suffering (or disease)
GREEK WORD OF HISTOLOGY
“histos” and “pathos” – tissues and disease
Allows for the visualization of tissue structure and characteristics
changes the tissue may have undergone.
HISTOPATHOLOGY
Understanding the changes that are characteristics of a disease requires a detailed knowledge of the norm
HISTOPATHOLOGY
Knowing the type of tissue and their composition is important in the selection of the appropriate histopathologic technique and
stain to be used.
HISTOPATHOLOGY
Technique used to visualize changes within cells and
tissues
HISTOPATHOLOGIC TECHNIQUES
Technique by which fixed tissues are made suitable for embedding within a supportive medium such as paraffin, and consists of three sequential steps:
dehydration, clearing, and infiltration
a type of microtome that cuts thin sections by moving the sample up and down across a cutting knife.
Rotary Microtome
used to hold tissue specimens during processing, embedding and storage.
Tissue Cassette
baths that are designed to prevent wrinkling and distortion during preparation of paraffin-embedded tissue sections.
Floatation Device/Water Bath
Tissue Cassette size
3 x 2.5 x 0.4 cm
The most common procedure used in the study of tissues which can be
aided by a microscope
Tissue slices/preparation for histological sections
are thin, flat slices of fixed and stained tissues or organs mounted on glass slides.
Histologic sections
DIVISIONS OF PATHOLOGY
Gross Pathology
Microscopic Pathology
Clinical Pathology
Anatomical Pathology
- Changes in the tissue that can be seen by the naked eye. (Macroscopic)
- Gross examination portion of surgical specimen processing or an autopsy.
Gross Pathology
- Changes in the tissue that can be seen through a microscope.
- Involves examining tissues and/or cells under a microscope or even checking the quality of the stain
Microscopic Pathology
Compositions of body fluids, tissues, secretion, exudates and transudates to detect abnormalities that might indicate disease.
Clinical Pathology
- Removal of an organ/tissue in the body for examination/diagnosis.
- Also, the combination of macroscopic and microscopic
examination.
Anatomical Pathology
FOUR ASPECTS OF A DISEASE PROCESS:
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Morphologic & Molecular Changes
Clinical Manifestations
Cause or origin of the disease; genetic or acquired
factors
Etiology
Mechanisms of the development of the disease
Pathogenesis
A sequence of events from
initial stimulus to the ultimate
expressions of the disease.
Pathogenesis
Structural, biochemical and
molecular alterations as a
result of the disease
Morphologic & Molecular Changes
Functional consequence of
the changes
Clinical Manifestations
effects that can be observed by
others
Signs
effects apparent
only to the patient
Symptoms
- Changes cells make in response to various stimuli or changes in their local environment.
- This can involve changing the number of cells or their morphological appearance.
- Can be physiologic or pathologic.
CELLULAR ADAPTION
Increased SIZE
Hypertrophy
Increased cell NUMBER
Hyperplasia
Decreased SIZE and NUMBER
Atrophy
Change in ONE CELL TYPE TO ANOTHER
Metaplasia
Abnormality of cell development
Dysplasia
- Occurs when cells in your body stop working and die.
- Irreversible degeneration of vital cellular functions culminating in the loss of cellular integrity
CELLULAR DEATH
Premature Cell Death
Necrosis
A pathologic process caused
by external agents like toxins, traumas, etc.
Necrosis
Phagocytized by phagocytes
Necrosis
Always harmful to the organisms.
Necrosis
Programmed Cell Death
Apoptosis
A naturally occurring physiologic process.
Apoptosis
Phagocytized by phagocytes
or adjacent cells.
Apoptosis
Often beneficial, although
abnormal activity may cause
diseases.
Apoptosis
A localized physical condition in which part of the body becomes reddened, swollen, hot, and often painful, especially as a reaction to injury or infection
INFLAMMATION
➢ Contain damage & isolate injury
➢ Destroy cause of injury (microorganism/toxins)
➢ Destroy resulting necrotic cells and tissues
➢ Prepare tissue for healing & repair
INFLAMMATION FUNCTIONS
WHAT ARE THE 5 INFLAMMATION CARDINAL SIGNS
RUBOR
CALOR
TUMOR
DOLOR
FUNCTIO LAESA
redness
RUBOR
HEAT
CALOR
SWELLING
TUMOR
PAIN
DOLOR
LOSS OF FUNCTION (ADDED BY VIRCHOW)
FUNCTIO LAESA
ABNORMALITIES IN CELL GROWTH
DEGENERATIVE
PROGRESSIVE
RETROGRESSIVE
declining from a better to a worse state.
RETROGRESSIVE
Incomplete development of the organ
Aplasia
Failure of an organ to develop fully
Hypoplasia
Complete non-appearance of an organ
Agenesia
Failure of an organ to form an
opening
Atresia
Acquired decrease of the size of a normally developed
organ
Atrophy
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
PROGRESSIVE
increase in size of tissue/organ due to increase in the size of the individual cells.
Hypertrophy
refers to an increase in size of an organ/tissue due to increase in the number of cells resulting from the growth of new cells.
Hyperplasia
Dysplasia
Neoplasia
Metaplasia
Anaplasia
DEGENERATIVE
“disordered growth”; presence of abnormal cells within a tissue (reversible)
Dysplasia
“new growth”; uncontrolled proliferation of cells with no purpose; Tumor/Neoplasms
Neoplasia
Reversible
Metaplasia
lack of differentiation of cells (irreversible)
Anaplasia
Immediate changes after death relate to the ‘somatic death’ or systemic death’.
SOMATIC DEATH
deals with the irreversible cessation of the vital functions of the brain, heart, and lungs.
SOMATIC DEATH
occurs 4-6 minutes, then death follows
Primary Changes
CIRCULATORY FAILURE
RESPIRATORY FAILURE
CNS FAILURE
PRIMARY CHANGES
cardiac function ceases; flat
electrocardiogram (ECG), and/or absence of heartbeat
Circulatory failure
decrease O2 and increase CO2;
absence of respiratory sounds and movements
Respiratory failure
loss of coordination and reflexes;
absence of brain stem reflex, and/or electroencephalogram (EEG) activity
CNS failure
Secondary Changes
Algor Mortis
Rigor Mortis
Livor Mortis
Post Mortem Clotting
Body temp decreased by 7 Fahrenheit/hour.
Algor Mortis
Stiffening of muscles due to lack of ATP.
Rigor Mortis
Purplish discoloration of skin due to blood stasis; differentiated from
ecchymosis
Livor Mortis
Occurs immediately after death; apparent only in autopsy
Post Mortem Clotting
The next 3 stages of death occur simultaneously and lead to the total digestion of cells:
Desiccation
Putrefaction
Autolysis
General drying and wrinkling
of fluid-filled organs
Desiccation
Greenish blue discoloration with odor
Putrefaction
“Self-destruction”; the self digestion of the cells by their own enzymes;
Autolysis
SUPPORTIVE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
BONE, CARTILAGE
PROPER CONNECTIVE TISSUE
DENSE
LOOSE
FLUID
DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
ELASTIC (ARTERIES)
REGULAR (TENDON)
IRREGULAR (EPIMYSYIUM, PERIMYSIUM)
LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
AREOLAR (ENDOMYSIUM)
RETICULAR (SOFT SKELETON)
ADIPOSE (FAT)
FLUID CONNECTIVE TISSUE
BLOOD
LYMPH
MAJOR MUSCULAR TISSUE
SKELETAL
VISCERAL
CARDIAC
MINOR MUSCULAR TISSUE
MYOEPITHELIOCYTE
MYOFIBROBLASTS
