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HISTOPATHOLOGY > ENHANCEMENT CLASS: GENERAL PATHOLOGY > Flashcards

ENHANCEMENT CLASS: GENERAL PATHOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

FATHER OF PATHOLOGY

A

Rudolph Virchow

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2
Q

forms the exoskeleton (external layer)

A

Ectoderm

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3
Q

Parts of Ectoderm

A
  • Skin cells of epidermis
  • Neuron on brain
  • Pigment cells
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4
Q

develops into organs (middle layer)

A

Mesoderm

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5
Q

Parts of Mesoderm

A
  • Cardiac muscle cells
  • Skeletal muscle cells
  • Tubule cells of the kidney
  • Red blood cells
  • Smooth muscle cells (in gut)
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6
Q

forms the inner lining of organs (internal layer)

A

Endoderm

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7
Q

Parts of Endoderm

A
  • Lung cells (alveolar cell)
  • Thyroid cells
  • Digestive cells (pancreatic cell)
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8
Q

FOUR TYPES OF TISSUES:

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous

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9
Q
  • Lining of GI tract organs and other hollow organs
  • Skin surface (epidermis)
A

Epithelial Tissue

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10
Q
  • Fat and other soft padding tissue
  • Bone
  • Tendon
A

Connective Tissue

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11
Q
  • Cardiac muscle
  • Smooth muscle
  • Skeletal muscle
A

Muscular Tissue

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12
Q
  • Brain
  • Spinal cord
  • Nerves
A

Nervous Tissue

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13
Q

line the outer surfaces of organs and blood vessels throughout the body, as well as the inner surfaces of cavities in many internal organs. Also, a protective layer

A

EPITHELIAL TISSUE

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14
Q

The major component in all EPITHELIAL TISSUE:

A

EPITHELIAL CELL

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15
Q

Tissue that supports, protects, and gives structure to other tissues and organs in the body.

A

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

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16
Q

The major component in all CONNECTIVE TISSUE:

A

COLLAGEN

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17
Q

A specialized tissue, which applies forces to different parts of the body by contraction.

A

MUSCULAR TISSUE

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18
Q

The major component in all MUSCULAR TISSUE:

A

ACTIN & MYOSIN

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19
Q

MAJOR MUSCULAR TISSUE

A
  • Skeletal muscle
  • Visceral muscle
  • Cardiac muscle
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20
Q

MINOR MUSCULAR TISSUE

A
  • Myoepitheliocyte
  • Myofibroblasts
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21
Q

Found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It is responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities.

A

NERVOUS TISSUE

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22
Q

The major component in all NERVOUS TISSUE:

A

NERVE CELLS & GLIAL CELLS

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23
Q

Branch of medicine that deals with the laboratory examination of samples of boy tissue for diagnostic or forensic purposes.

A

PATHOLOGY

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24
Q

is the study of healthy tissue

A

HISTOLOGY

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25
Q

____includes the study of unhealthy tissue

A

PATHOLOGY

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26
Q

GREEK WORD OF PATHOLOGY

A

“pathos” and “logos” – study of suffering (or disease)

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27
Q

GREEK WORD OF HISTOLOGY

A

“histos” and “pathos” – tissues and disease

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28
Q

Allows for the visualization of tissue structure and characteristics
changes the tissue may have undergone.

A

HISTOPATHOLOGY

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29
Q

Understanding the changes that are characteristics of a disease requires a detailed knowledge of the norm

A

HISTOPATHOLOGY

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30
Q

Knowing the type of tissue and their composition is important in the selection of the appropriate histopathologic technique and
stain to be used.

A

HISTOPATHOLOGY

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31
Q

Technique used to visualize changes within cells and
tissues

A

HISTOPATHOLOGIC TECHNIQUES

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32
Q

Technique by which fixed tissues are made suitable for embedding within a supportive medium such as paraffin, and consists of three sequential steps:

A

dehydration, clearing, and infiltration

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33
Q

a type of microtome that cuts thin sections by moving the sample up and down across a cutting knife.

A

Rotary Microtome

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34
Q

used to hold tissue specimens during processing, embedding and storage.

A

Tissue Cassette

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35
Q

baths that are designed to prevent wrinkling and distortion during preparation of paraffin-embedded tissue sections.

A

Floatation Device/Water Bath

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36
Q

Tissue Cassette size

A

3 x 2.5 x 0.4 cm

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37
Q

The most common procedure used in the study of tissues which can be
aided by a microscope

A

Tissue slices/preparation for histological sections

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38
Q

are thin, flat slices of fixed and stained tissues or organs mounted on glass slides.

A

Histologic sections

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39
Q

DIVISIONS OF PATHOLOGY

A

Gross Pathology
Microscopic Pathology
Clinical Pathology
Anatomical Pathology

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40
Q
  • Changes in the tissue that can be seen by the naked eye. (Macroscopic)
  • Gross examination portion of surgical specimen processing or an autopsy.
A

Gross Pathology

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41
Q
  • Changes in the tissue that can be seen through a microscope.
  • Involves examining tissues and/or cells under a microscope or even checking the quality of the stain
A

Microscopic Pathology

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42
Q

Compositions of body fluids, tissues, secretion, exudates and transudates to detect abnormalities that might indicate disease.

A

Clinical Pathology

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43
Q
  • Removal of an organ/tissue in the body for examination/diagnosis.
  • Also, the combination of macroscopic and microscopic
    examination.
A

Anatomical Pathology

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44
Q

FOUR ASPECTS OF A DISEASE PROCESS:

A

Etiology
Pathogenesis
Morphologic & Molecular Changes
Clinical Manifestations

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45
Q

Cause or origin of the disease; genetic or acquired
factors

A

Etiology

46
Q

Mechanisms of the development of the disease

A

Pathogenesis

47
Q

A sequence of events from
initial stimulus to the ultimate
expressions of the disease.

A

Pathogenesis

48
Q

Structural, biochemical and
molecular alterations as a
result of the disease

A

Morphologic & Molecular Changes

49
Q

Functional consequence of
the changes

A

Clinical Manifestations

50
Q

effects that can be observed by
others

A

Signs

51
Q

effects apparent
only to the patient

A

Symptoms

52
Q
  • Changes cells make in response to various stimuli or changes in their local environment.
  • This can involve changing the number of cells or their morphological appearance.
  • Can be physiologic or pathologic.
A

CELLULAR ADAPTION

53
Q

Increased SIZE

A

Hypertrophy

54
Q

Increased cell NUMBER

A

Hyperplasia

55
Q

Decreased SIZE and NUMBER

A

Atrophy

56
Q

Change in ONE CELL TYPE TO ANOTHER

A

Metaplasia

57
Q

Abnormality of cell development

A

Dysplasia

58
Q
  • Occurs when cells in your body stop working and die.
  • Irreversible degeneration of vital cellular functions culminating in the loss of cellular integrity
A

CELLULAR DEATH

59
Q

Premature Cell Death

A

Necrosis

60
Q

A pathologic process caused
by external agents like toxins, traumas, etc.

A

Necrosis

61
Q

Phagocytized by phagocytes

A

Necrosis

62
Q

Always harmful to the organisms.

A

Necrosis

63
Q

Programmed Cell Death

A

Apoptosis

64
Q

A naturally occurring physiologic process.

A

Apoptosis

65
Q

Phagocytized by phagocytes
or adjacent cells.

A

Apoptosis

66
Q

Often beneficial, although
abnormal activity may cause
diseases.

A

Apoptosis

67
Q

A localized physical condition in which part of the body becomes reddened, swollen, hot, and often painful, especially as a reaction to injury or infection

A

INFLAMMATION

68
Q

➢ Contain damage & isolate injury
➢ Destroy cause of injury (microorganism/toxins)
➢ Destroy resulting necrotic cells and tissues
➢ Prepare tissue for healing & repair

A

INFLAMMATION FUNCTIONS

69
Q

WHAT ARE THE 5 INFLAMMATION CARDINAL SIGNS

A

RUBOR
CALOR
TUMOR
DOLOR
FUNCTIO LAESA

70
Q

redness

A

RUBOR

71
Q

HEAT

A

CALOR

72
Q

SWELLING

A

TUMOR

73
Q

PAIN

A

DOLOR

74
Q

LOSS OF FUNCTION (ADDED BY VIRCHOW)

A

FUNCTIO LAESA

75
Q

ABNORMALITIES IN CELL GROWTH

A

DEGENERATIVE
PROGRESSIVE
RETROGRESSIVE

76
Q

declining from a better to a worse state.

A

RETROGRESSIVE

77
Q

Incomplete development of the organ

A

Aplasia

78
Q

Failure of an organ to develop fully

A

Hypoplasia

79
Q

Complete non-appearance of an organ

A

Agenesia

80
Q

Failure of an organ to form an
opening

A

Atresia

81
Q

Acquired decrease of the size of a normally developed
organ

A

Atrophy

82
Q

Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia

A

PROGRESSIVE

83
Q

increase in size of tissue/organ due to increase in the size of the individual cells.

A

Hypertrophy

84
Q

refers to an increase in size of an organ/tissue due to increase in the number of cells resulting from the growth of new cells.

A

Hyperplasia

85
Q

Dysplasia
Neoplasia
Metaplasia
Anaplasia

A

DEGENERATIVE

86
Q

“disordered growth”; presence of abnormal cells within a tissue (reversible)

A

Dysplasia

87
Q

“new growth”; uncontrolled proliferation of cells with no purpose; Tumor/Neoplasms

A

Neoplasia

88
Q

Reversible

A

Metaplasia

89
Q

lack of differentiation of cells (irreversible)

A

Anaplasia

90
Q

Immediate changes after death relate to the ‘somatic death’ or systemic death’.

A

SOMATIC DEATH

91
Q

deals with the irreversible cessation of the vital functions of the brain, heart, and lungs.

A

SOMATIC DEATH

92
Q

occurs 4-6 minutes, then death follows

A

Primary Changes

93
Q

CIRCULATORY FAILURE
RESPIRATORY FAILURE
CNS FAILURE

A

PRIMARY CHANGES

94
Q

cardiac function ceases; flat
electrocardiogram (ECG), and/or absence of heartbeat

A

Circulatory failure

95
Q

decrease O2 and increase CO2;
absence of respiratory sounds and movements

A

Respiratory failure

96
Q

loss of coordination and reflexes;
absence of brain stem reflex, and/or electroencephalogram (EEG) activity

A

CNS failure

97
Q

Secondary Changes

A

Algor Mortis
Rigor Mortis
Livor Mortis
Post Mortem Clotting

98
Q

Body temp decreased by 7 Fahrenheit/hour.

A

Algor Mortis

99
Q

Stiffening of muscles due to lack of ATP.

A

Rigor Mortis

100
Q

Purplish discoloration of skin due to blood stasis; differentiated from
ecchymosis

A

Livor Mortis

101
Q

Occurs immediately after death; apparent only in autopsy

A

Post Mortem Clotting

102
Q

The next 3 stages of death occur simultaneously and lead to the total digestion of cells:

A

Desiccation
Putrefaction
Autolysis

103
Q

General drying and wrinkling
of fluid-filled organs

A

Desiccation

104
Q

Greenish blue discoloration with odor

A

Putrefaction

105
Q

“Self-destruction”; the self digestion of the cells by their own enzymes;

A

Autolysis

106
Q

SUPPORTIVE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

A

BONE, CARTILAGE

107
Q

PROPER CONNECTIVE TISSUE

A

DENSE
LOOSE
FLUID

108
Q

DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

A

ELASTIC (ARTERIES)
REGULAR (TENDON)
IRREGULAR (EPIMYSYIUM, PERIMYSIUM)

109
Q

LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

A

AREOLAR (ENDOMYSIUM)
RETICULAR (SOFT SKELETON)
ADIPOSE (FAT)

110
Q

FLUID CONNECTIVE TISSUE

A

BLOOD
LYMPH

111
Q

MAJOR MUSCULAR TISSUE

A

SKELETAL
VISCERAL
CARDIAC

112
Q

MINOR MUSCULAR TISSUE

A

MYOEPITHELIOCYTE
MYOFIBROBLASTS

HISTOPATHOLOGY (13 decks)

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