ENHANCEMENT CLASS: GENERAL PATHOLOGY Flashcards
1
Q
FATHER OF PATHOLOGY
A
Rudolph Virchow
2
Q
forms the exoskeleton (external layer)
A
Ectoderm
3
Q
Parts of Ectoderm
A
- Skin cells of epidermis
- Neuron on brain
- Pigment cells
4
Q
develops into organs (middle layer)
A
Mesoderm
5
Q
Parts of Mesoderm
A
- Cardiac muscle cells
- Skeletal muscle cells
- Tubule cells of the kidney
- Red blood cells
- Smooth muscle cells (in gut)
6
Q
forms the inner lining of organs (internal layer)
A
Endoderm
7
Q
Parts of Endoderm
A
- Lung cells (alveolar cell)
- Thyroid cells
- Digestive cells (pancreatic cell)
8
Q
FOUR TYPES OF TISSUES:
A
Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous
9
Q
- Lining of GI tract organs and other hollow organs
- Skin surface (epidermis)
A
Epithelial Tissue
10
Q
- Fat and other soft padding tissue
- Bone
- Tendon
A
Connective Tissue
11
Q
- Cardiac muscle
- Smooth muscle
- Skeletal muscle
A
Muscular Tissue
12
Q
- Brain
- Spinal cord
- Nerves
A
Nervous Tissue
13
Q
line the outer surfaces of organs and blood vessels throughout the body, as well as the inner surfaces of cavities in many internal organs. Also, a protective layer
A
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
14
Q
The major component in all EPITHELIAL TISSUE:
A
EPITHELIAL CELL
15
Q
Tissue that supports, protects, and gives structure to other tissues and organs in the body.
A
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
16
Q
The major component in all CONNECTIVE TISSUE:
A
COLLAGEN
17
Q
A specialized tissue, which applies forces to different parts of the body by contraction.
A
MUSCULAR TISSUE
18
Q
The major component in all MUSCULAR TISSUE:
A
ACTIN & MYOSIN
19
Q
MAJOR MUSCULAR TISSUE
A
- Skeletal muscle
- Visceral muscle
- Cardiac muscle
20
Q
MINOR MUSCULAR TISSUE
A
- Myoepitheliocyte
- Myofibroblasts
21
Q
Found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It is responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities.
A
NERVOUS TISSUE
22
Q
The major component in all NERVOUS TISSUE:
A
NERVE CELLS & GLIAL CELLS
23
Q
Branch of medicine that deals with the laboratory examination of samples of boy tissue for diagnostic or forensic purposes.
A
PATHOLOGY
24
Q
is the study of healthy tissue
A
HISTOLOGY
25
____includes the study of unhealthy tissue
PATHOLOGY
26
GREEK WORD OF PATHOLOGY
“pathos” and “logos” – study of suffering (or disease)
27
GREEK WORD OF HISTOLOGY
“histos” and “pathos” – tissues and disease
28
Allows for the visualization of tissue structure and characteristics
changes the tissue may have undergone.
HISTOPATHOLOGY
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Understanding the changes that are characteristics of a disease requires a detailed knowledge of the norm
HISTOPATHOLOGY
30
Knowing the type of tissue and their composition is important in the selection of the appropriate histopathologic technique and
stain to be used.
HISTOPATHOLOGY
31
Technique used to visualize changes within cells and
tissues
HISTOPATHOLOGIC TECHNIQUES
32
Technique by which fixed tissues are made suitable for embedding within a supportive medium such as paraffin, and consists of three sequential steps:
dehydration, clearing, and infiltration
33
a type of microtome that cuts thin sections by moving the sample up and down across a cutting knife.
Rotary Microtome
34
used to hold tissue specimens during processing, embedding and storage.
Tissue Cassette
35
baths that are designed to prevent wrinkling and distortion during preparation of paraffin-embedded tissue sections.
Floatation Device/Water Bath
36
Tissue Cassette size
3 x 2.5 x 0.4 cm
37
The most common procedure used in the study of tissues which can be
aided by a microscope
Tissue slices/preparation for histological sections
38
are thin, flat slices of fixed and stained tissues or organs mounted on glass slides.
Histologic sections
39
DIVISIONS OF PATHOLOGY
Gross Pathology
Microscopic Pathology
Clinical Pathology
Anatomical Pathology
40
- Changes in the tissue that can be seen by the naked eye. (Macroscopic)
- Gross examination portion of surgical specimen processing or an autopsy.
Gross Pathology
41
- Changes in the tissue that can be seen through a microscope.
- Involves examining tissues and/or cells under a microscope or even checking the quality of the stain
Microscopic Pathology
42
Compositions of body fluids, tissues, secretion, exudates and transudates to detect abnormalities that might indicate disease.
Clinical Pathology
43
- Removal of an organ/tissue in the body for examination/diagnosis.
- Also, the combination of macroscopic and microscopic
examination.
Anatomical Pathology
44
FOUR ASPECTS OF A DISEASE PROCESS:
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Morphologic & Molecular Changes
Clinical Manifestations
45
Cause or origin of the disease; genetic or acquired
factors
Etiology
46
Mechanisms of the development of the disease
Pathogenesis
47
A sequence of events from
initial stimulus to the ultimate
expressions of the disease.
Pathogenesis
48
Structural, biochemical and
molecular alterations as a
result of the disease
Morphologic & Molecular Changes
49
Functional consequence of
the changes
Clinical Manifestations
50
effects that can be observed by
others
Signs
51
effects apparent
only to the patient
Symptoms
52
- Changes cells make in response to various stimuli or changes in their local environment.
- This can involve changing the number of cells or their morphological appearance.
- Can be physiologic or pathologic.
CELLULAR ADAPTION
53
Increased SIZE
Hypertrophy
54
Increased cell NUMBER
Hyperplasia
55
Decreased SIZE and NUMBER
Atrophy
56
Change in ONE CELL TYPE TO ANOTHER
Metaplasia
57
Abnormality of cell development
Dysplasia
58
- Occurs when cells in your body stop working and die.
- Irreversible degeneration of vital cellular functions culminating in the loss of cellular integrity
CELLULAR DEATH
59
Premature Cell Death
Necrosis
60
A pathologic process caused
by external agents like toxins, traumas, etc.
Necrosis
61
Phagocytized by phagocytes
Necrosis
62
Always harmful to the organisms.
Necrosis
63
Programmed Cell Death
Apoptosis
64
A naturally occurring physiologic process.
Apoptosis
65
Phagocytized by phagocytes
or adjacent cells.
Apoptosis
66
Often beneficial, although
abnormal activity may cause
diseases.
Apoptosis
67
A localized physical condition in which part of the body becomes reddened, swollen, hot, and often painful, especially as a reaction to injury or infection
INFLAMMATION
68
➢ Contain damage & isolate injury
➢ Destroy cause of injury (microorganism/toxins)
➢ Destroy resulting necrotic cells and tissues
➢ Prepare tissue for healing & repair
INFLAMMATION FUNCTIONS
69
WHAT ARE THE 5 INFLAMMATION CARDINAL SIGNS
RUBOR
CALOR
TUMOR
DOLOR
FUNCTIO LAESA
70
redness
RUBOR
71
HEAT
CALOR
72
SWELLING
TUMOR
73
PAIN
DOLOR
74
LOSS OF FUNCTION (ADDED BY VIRCHOW)
FUNCTIO LAESA
75
ABNORMALITIES IN CELL GROWTH
DEGENERATIVE
PROGRESSIVE
RETROGRESSIVE
76
declining from a better to a worse state.
RETROGRESSIVE
77
Incomplete development of the organ
Aplasia
78
Failure of an organ to develop fully
Hypoplasia
79
Complete non-appearance of an organ
Agenesia
80
Failure of an organ to form an
opening
Atresia
81
Acquired decrease of the size of a normally developed
organ
Atrophy
82
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
PROGRESSIVE
83
increase in size of tissue/organ due to increase in the size of the individual cells.
Hypertrophy
84
refers to an increase in size of an organ/tissue due to increase in the number of cells resulting from the growth of new cells.
Hyperplasia
85
Dysplasia
Neoplasia
Metaplasia
Anaplasia
DEGENERATIVE
86
“disordered growth”; presence of abnormal cells within a tissue (reversible)
Dysplasia
87
“new growth”; uncontrolled proliferation of cells with no purpose; Tumor/Neoplasms
Neoplasia
88
Reversible
Metaplasia
89
lack of differentiation of cells (irreversible)
Anaplasia
90
Immediate changes after death relate to the ‘somatic death’ or systemic death’.
SOMATIC DEATH
91
deals with the irreversible cessation of the vital functions of the brain, heart, and lungs.
SOMATIC DEATH
92
occurs 4-6 minutes, then death follows
Primary Changes
93
CIRCULATORY FAILURE
RESPIRATORY FAILURE
CNS FAILURE
PRIMARY CHANGES
94
cardiac function ceases; flat
electrocardiogram (ECG), and/or absence of heartbeat
Circulatory failure
95
decrease O2 and increase CO2;
absence of respiratory sounds and movements
Respiratory failure
96
loss of coordination and reflexes;
absence of brain stem reflex, and/or electroencephalogram (EEG) activity
CNS failure
97
Secondary Changes
Algor Mortis
Rigor Mortis
Livor Mortis
Post Mortem Clotting
98
Body temp decreased by 7 Fahrenheit/hour.
Algor Mortis
99
Stiffening of muscles due to lack of ATP.
Rigor Mortis
100
Purplish discoloration of skin due to blood stasis; differentiated from
ecchymosis
Livor Mortis
101
Occurs immediately after death; apparent only in autopsy
Post Mortem Clotting
102
The next 3 stages of death occur simultaneously and lead to the total digestion of cells:
Desiccation
Putrefaction
Autolysis
103
General drying and wrinkling
of fluid-filled organs
Desiccation
104
Greenish blue discoloration with odor
Putrefaction
105
“Self-destruction”; the self digestion of the cells by their own enzymes;
Autolysis
106
SUPPORTIVE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
BONE, CARTILAGE
107
PROPER CONNECTIVE TISSUE
DENSE
LOOSE
FLUID
108
DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
ELASTIC (ARTERIES)
REGULAR (TENDON)
IRREGULAR (EPIMYSYIUM, PERIMYSIUM)
109
LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
AREOLAR (ENDOMYSIUM)
RETICULAR (SOFT SKELETON)
ADIPOSE (FAT)
110
FLUID CONNECTIVE TISSUE
BLOOD
LYMPH
111
MAJOR MUSCULAR TISSUE
SKELETAL
VISCERAL
CARDIAC
112
MINOR MUSCULAR TISSUE
MYOEPITHELIOCYTE
MYOFIBROBLASTS
