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Intro To Opto > Prelim And Mid term Exam > Flashcards

Prelim And Mid term Exam Flashcards

1
Q

A type ametropia where the cornea and crytalline lens have incorrect power

A

REFRACTIVE AMETROPIA

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2
Q

A TYPE OF AMETROPIA WHERE LIGHT PASSES THROUGH THE DIFFERENT MEDIA OF THE EYE FORMING A FOCAL POINT BEHIND IN THE RETINA

A

HYPEROPIA

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3
Q

A TYPE OF ASTIGMATISM WHERE BOTH FOCAL POINTS BEHIND THE RETINA

A

Compound hyperopic astigmatism

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4
Q

A TYPE OF ASTIGMATISM WHERE ONE FOCAL POINT IS ON THE RETINA and the other is in front of the retina

A

SIMPLE MYOPIC ASTIGMATISM

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5
Q

It is a process where the powers Of the eyes refracting components adjust to compensate the child growth

A

EMMETROPIZATION

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6
Q

ANOTHER TERM OF PRESBYOPIA

A

Short arm syndrome

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7
Q

AT WHAT AGE DOES PRESBYOPIA USUALLY OCCUR

A

40 Years old

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8
Q

A VISION TEST that determines your best visual acuity with corrective lenses lenght

A

COMBINED AXIAL AMETROPIA

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9
Q

Give atleast 2 optometric managements for presbyopia patients.

A

READING EYEGLASSES, REFRACTION, VISION TESTING, CONTACTS AND SURGERY

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10
Q

AT WHAT AGE DOES A CHILD HAVE 20/20

A

3 yrs old

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11
Q

At what age does the child’s accommodation develop with good visual acuity

A

3 yrs old

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12
Q

A REFRACTIVE ERROR WHERE THE INCIDENT RAYS OF LIGHT DO NOT COME TO A FOCUS ON THE RETINA

A

AMETROPIA

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13
Q

At birth the eyes are not _________
with each other but act as _______ _______sense organs

A

Associated
Two independent

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14
Q

In new born first sign of the development of _______ appears when the eyes________

A

Fixation reflex
Follow the light

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15
Q

At the age of ________ the eyes follow large object

A

2 months

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16
Q

The foveas are not fully formed until the _______ of life

A

3rd month

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17
Q

At _____ months they hold object

A

3 months

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18
Q

At the age of _____ fixates at an Object for one or two minutes

A

6 months

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19
Q

At birth vision is no greater than 5/200 (Subnormal Va) the eye is Normally _______because the ______are not fully developed

A

HYPEROPHIC
CILIARY MUSCLE

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20
Q

At the age of 20/70

A

1 yr old

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21
Q

At the age of 20/20

A

3 yrs old

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22
Q

Becomes fully developed from one to one and half years of life

A

Fusional mechanism

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23
Q

Accomodations Develops with sharpening of visual acuity at the age of

A

3 yrs old

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24
Q

At 3 months of age the eyes start to follow large objects

A

2months-False

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25
Q

At the age of 6months the child fixates at an object for one and two minutes

A

True

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26
Q

Emmetropia is a refractive status where light coming from infinity passes through the different media of the eye forming a circle of least confusion in front of retina

A

False

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27
Q

Ametropia is a refractive status where light coming from infinity passes through the different media of the eye forming a circle of least confusion on the retina

A

False

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28
Q

Full term baby born has a high incidence of myopia

A

False

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29
Q

HYPEROPIA is a rare birth

A

False

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30
Q

Static refraction is used to determine the power of the eye through the different media of the eye forming at least 2 focal points called presbyopia

A

False

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31
Q

Lasik means

A

Laser assisted in situ keratomileusis

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32
Q

LASEk MEANS

A

Laser subepithelial keratomileusis

33
Q

PRK

A

Photorefractive keratectomy

34
Q

ISCR

A

Intrastroma corneal ring

35
Q

Icr

A

Intra corneal ring

36
Q

Phakic IOL’S

A

Phakic intraocular lenses

37
Q

Rk

A

Radial keratotomy

38
Q

-For high degree of myopia (up to 20D)
-THE EPITHELIUM IS REMOVED AND THEN A POCKET IS FASHIONED UNDER THE EDGE OF THE REMAINING EPITHELIUM & INTO THIS IS INSERTED THE CRYOLATHED DONOR HOMOGRAFT.
-preserved material can also be used

A

EPI-KERA-TO-PHAKIA

39
Q

-short sightedness
-myopia is a greek word “close the eyes”
-parellel rays of the light coming from infinity are focused in front of retina
ACCOMMODATION IS AT REST

A

MYOPIA

40
Q

Mechanism of production

A

Axial
Curvatural
Index
Myopia due to excessive accommodation

41
Q

OPTICS OF MYOPIA

A

-Far point in finite
-emmetropic eye is infinity
-higher myopic the shorter the distance
-if far point is 1METER there is 1 DIOPTER OF MYOPIA

42
Q

Accommodation need not develop normally resulting in

A

Convergence insufficiency EXOPHORIA

43
Q

TYPES OF CLASSIFICATION

A

Clinical classification
Degree of myopia
Age of onset

44
Q

DEGREE OF MYOPIA

A

Low myopia (<3 d)
Medium myopia (3-6d)
High myopia (>6 d)

45
Q

AGE OF ONSET

A

-Congenital myopia
-young onset myopia (20 yrs old)
-early adult onset myopia(20-40yrs old)
Late adult onset myopia (>40 yrs old)

46
Q

CLINICAL CLASSIFICATION

A

Congenital myopia
Simple myopia
Nocturnal myopia
Degenerative myopia
Pseudo myopia
Induced myopia

47
Q

-Premature babies
-marfan syndrome
-increase axial length
-increase overall globe size
-since birth diagnosed 2-3 yrs
-if unilateral as anisometropia it may develop amblyopia, strabimus.
-usually 8d-10d remain constant
-bilateral difficulty in distant vision hold things

A

Congenital myopia

48
Q

Associated condition

A

-Convergent squint
-cataract
-aniridia
-megalocornea

49
Q

Associated condition management

A

Early correction is desirable
Early full correction desirable
Poor prognosis

50
Q

-Physiological error not associated with any disease of the eye
Etiology:
- normal biological variation in development of eye
-inheritance

A

Simple myopia

51
Q

Associated factors of simple myopia

A

-Role of diet

52
Q

Clinical picture

A

-rarely present at birth
-rather born hypermetropic,become myopic
-begin 7-10 years stabilizing around mid teens
-usually around 5D never exceeds 8D

53
Q

Symptoms of simple myopia

A

-poor vision for distance
-convergence weakness,exophoria,suppression
-excessive accommodation inducing ciliary spasm and artificially increasing the amount of myopia
-psychological outlook

54
Q

Sign of simple myopia

A

-large prominent
-deep anterior chamber
-usually doesn’t exceed 6-8D
-normal fundus rarely crescent

55
Q

Rapidly progressive associated with changes in the eye

A

Pathological degenerative myopia

56
Q

Growth of the eye ball outside the normal biological variations of development

A

Rapid axial

57
Q

Etiology of pathological degenerative myopia

A

Rapid axial growth
Rapid of hereditary
Role of growth process

58
Q

Genetic factors- general growth process

A

More growth retina
Stretching sclera
Increase axial length
Degenerative of choroid
Degenerative of retina
Degenerative of vitreous

59
Q

Symptoms of degenerative myopia

A

-Defective vision
-muscae volintates/ floating black opacities

60
Q

Another term of floating black opacities

A

MUSCAE VOLITANTES

61
Q

Eye large prominent eyes stimulating

A

EXOPHTHALMOS

62
Q

_____ show opacities at the posterior pole due to aberration of ________ ________ may also occur

A

LENS
OVERSTRETCHING ANTERIOR DISLOCATION

63
Q

Vitreous degeneration,vitreous liquefaction, vitreous detachment present as

A

Weiss reflex

64
Q

Sclera thinning resulting in formation of

A

STAPHYLOMA

65
Q

Visual field defects show contraction and in some ring present

A

SCOTOMAS

66
Q

Myopic crescent situated nasally and supertraction of the retina temporally

A

Inverse crescent

67
Q

Myopic crescent

A

-retinal detachment
-posterior staphyloma
-retinal holes
-tesselated fundus
-macula foster musch flesk

68
Q

3 crescent

A

Myopic crescent
Supertraction of the retina
Choroid crescent

69
Q

Optical treatment

A

-Appropriate concave lenses
-minimum acceptance providing maximum vision

70
Q

Defect should never be overcorrected and advised for constant use to avoid squinting and develop a normal accommodation convergence reflex

A

LOW DEGREES OF MYOPIA (UP TO -6D)
IN YOUNG SUBJECTS

71
Q

RECEIVING SPECTACLE FOR THE FIRST TIME HAVE CILIARY MUSCLE THAT ARE UNACCUSTOMED TO ACCOMODATE EFFIENCTLY SO THAT LENS OF SLIGHTLY POWER 1 OR 2 D MAY BE PRESCRIBED FOR READING ESPECIALLY IF ENGAGED IN TO ANY GREATER EXTENT. ABOVE THE 40YRS WHEN ACCOMMODATION FAILS PHYSIOLOGICALLY A WEAKER GLASS FOR NEAR WORK IS ESSENTIAL

A

Low degrees of myopia up to -6d
In adults

72
Q

-involves direct laser ablation of corneal stroma after removal of corneal epithelium mechanically or using a laser beam
- FOR MYOPIC A LARGE AMOUNT OF ABLATION IS DONE IN CENTRAL CORNEA THAN IN THE PERIPHERY
-give good results for 2D TO 6D OF MYOPIA

A

PHOTOREFRACTIVE KERATECTOMY

73
Q

Lasek indications

A

Low myopia
Irregular astigmatism
Thin corneal pachymetry
Glaucoma suspect

74
Q

Method can be used to correct both myopia and hypermetropia

A

Phakic intraocular lenses

75
Q

Phakic IOL TYPES:

A

Pc iol
Angle supported iol
Iris claw lens

76
Q

It results in a vaulting effect that flattens the central cornea decreasing the myopia

A

INTRA CORNEAL RING IMPLANTATION

77
Q

These incision healing flatten the central cornea thereby reducing its refractive power

A

RADIAL KERATOTOMY

78
Q

Types of ametropia

A

Myopia
Hyperopia
Astigmatism

79
Q

Astigmatism can be detected and measured with

A

Refraction
Vision testing
Corneal topography
Keratotomy

Intro To Opto (9 decks)

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