Basic Opto Flashcards
Prescribes lenses, contact lenses or any other optical aids
Optometrist
Treat the eye diseases and perform ocular surgery
Opthalmologist
- signifies a person who is
proficient in the science of optics.
Optician
- involved in the teaching and
training process of sensory and motor
aspects of vision.
Orthoptist
a person involved in
the application of an artificial eye.
Ocular Prosthetist
-A person
engaged in the fitƫing contact lenses.
Contact Lens Practitioner
-Known as “ contologist”
Contact Lens Practitioner
a medical practitioner engaged in
the care of the eyes, ears, nose and
throat
EENT
- providing
assistance to the one who directly
provide eye care services.
Ophthalmic Assistant
-highly developed photosensitive organ that
analyzes: the form, intensity and the color of
light reflected from objects.
-contains cushions of adipose issues.
-About 2.5cm in diameter.
EYE
the clear outer part of the eye’s
focusing system located at the front of the eye.
Cornea
is the light-sensitive tissue at the
back of the eye. The retina converts light
into electrical impulses that are sent to the
brain through the optic nerve.
Retina
- is the colored part of the eye that
regulates the amount of light entering the eye
Iris
a clear part of the eye behind the iris
that helps to focus light, or an image, on the retina.
Lens
- is the small, sensitive area of the
retina that gives central vision. It is located
in the center of the retina.
Macula
is the largest sensory nerve of
the eye. It carries impulses for sight from
the retina to the brain.
Optic nerve
- is the opening at the center of the
iris. The iris adjusts the size of the pupil and
controls the amount of light that can enter
the eye.
Pupil
- is a transparent, colorless
mass that fills the rear two-thirds of the
eyeball, between the lens and the retina.
Vitreous gel
HISTOLOGICAL DIVISION OF THE EYEBALL (3)
A. OUTER FIBROUS LAYER
B. MIDDLE VASCULAR LAYER
C. INNER NERVOUS LAYER
OUTER FIBROUS LAYER (ANTERIOR
CHAMBER)
eyelid, pupil, sclera, iris
Anterior ⅓ of the outermost layer
- Transparent membrane
- Provides ⅔ of the eye’s refracting power
- Avascular, clear and shiny surface
- Sensitive. There are more nerve ending in
the cornea than elsewhere in the body.
Cornea
LAYERS OF THE CORNEA
- Anterior Epithelium
- Bowman’s Membrane
- Corneal Stroma
- Descemet’s Membrane
- Endothelium
- Posterior ⅔ portion of the outermost
layer. - Toughest layer of the eye
- Opaque tissue that serves as the eye’s
protective outer coat. - Maintains the shape of the globe.
- Anchorage of the extraocular muscles
- In children: thinner and translucent
- Older people: yellowish
Sclera
Border of the cornea and sclera
CORNEOSCLERAL LIMBUS
MIDDLE VASCULAR LAYER (POSTERIOR
CHAMBER)
IRIS,. CILLIARY BODY,CRYSTALLINE LENS ,.CHOROID
Regulates the entry of light into the eye.
- Controlled by the dilator and sphincter
muscles.
- Doctors often evaluate the reaction of the
pupils to light to determine a person’s
neurological function.
- Pigment cells called “melanin”.
iris
Structure between the Iris and the Choroid
- production of aqueous humor.
- Nourishment comes from the blood vessels
that also supplies the iris.
- Has the ciliary muscles that control the
function of crystalline lens
Cilliary body
Clear transparent structure behind the
iris.
- Focuses the light into the retina.
- In young people, the lens changes
shape to adjust for close distance vision.
- With age, the lens gradually hardens,
diminishing the ability to accommodate.
.CRYSTALLINE LENS
Lies between sclera and retina
- Provides blood supply to the eye
- Gives nutrition to the various parts of
the eye
Choroid
INNER NERVOUS LAYER (POSTERIOR
CHAMBER)
RETINA ,RODS,CONES,MACULA, FOVEA,OPTIC NERVE,. OPTIC DISC/ OPTIC NERVE HEAD,
made up of transparent, sensory and
nervous tissue carrying blood vessels,
nerve cells, and nerve fibers.
- Contains millions of photoreceptors
that capture light rays and convert
them into electrical impulses.
-has photoreceptors like rods and
cones.
RETINA
More abundant
- cylindrical shaped
- high sensitivity to light
- function in night vision
- low visual acuity
- absent at the fovea
RODS
low sensitivity to light
- responsible for colour vision
- localized at fovea
- Fewer in number
- conical shaped
CONES
an oval-shaped pigmented area in the
center of the retina of the human eye
- gives central vision; contains the fovea.
Located temporal to the disc nerve.
MACULA
-center of the macula
- area of keenest vision
- when we fixate or look directly at An
object, it is image on the fovea.
FOVEA
a.k.a Cranial Nerve II
- Connects the eye to brain
- Transmits electrical impulse from the
retina to the brain
- The point in the retina where the
nerve fibers leave to form the optic
nerve is called the optic disc or blind
spot.
OPTIC NERVE
is the location where ganglion cell axons
exit the eye to form optic nerve
OPTIC DISC/ OPTIC NERVE HEAD
Formed in the Ciliary body
- Transparent liquid that occupies the
space between the cornea, iris and
crystalline lens.
Main purpose is to maintain the normal
pressure of the eye.
AQUEOUS HUMOR
Thick transparent, jelly-like substance that
fills the center of the eye
Composed mainly of water and comprises
about 2/3 of the eye’s volume, giving it
form and shape
The viscous properties of the vitreous allow
the eye to return to its normal shape if
compressed
VITREOUS HUMOR
- are the protecting and supporting structures
(adnexa) of the eye, including
the eyebrow, eyelids, and lacrimal apparatus.
OCULAR ADNEXA
A thin, transparent mucous membrane that
covers and protects the sclera.
- Secretes oils and mucous that moisten and
lubricate the eye.
CONJUNCTIVA
Rows of fine hairs that protect the yes
from the elements and debris.
EYELASHES
-prevents sweat, water and other debris from
falling into the eye.
EYEBROWS
– produces tears whose functions is to
maintain the moisture of the cornea
LACRIMAL GLAND
LACRIMAL DUCTS
– eliminate excess tears
TEAR FILM (TEAR PRODUCTION SYSTEM)
– keeps the eyes moist, creates a smooth
surface for lights to pass through the eye,
nourishes the front of the eye
TEAR FILM LAYERS
MUCOUS LAYER, WATER LAYER, OIL LAYER (SEBACEOUS LAYER)
-innermost
-anchor for the tear film and helps it
adhere to the eye.
MUCOUS LAYER
-middle
WATER LAYER
-outermost
-prevent evaporation
OIL LAYER (SEBACEOUS LAYER)
-permit eye movements
-6 muscles work in unison to move the eye
EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLE
left to right, up and down
RECTUS MUSCLES
rotate the eyes inward and onward
OBLIQUE MUSCLES
- painless compared to stye
- red bump
- also called meibomian cyst
CHALAZION
inflammation of the eyelids.
BLEPHARITIS
COMMON DISEASES IN THE CORNEA
KERATOCONUS
KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA
CONJUNCTIVITIS
the cornea gradually bulges outward
into a cone shape.
- A cone-shaped cornea causes blurred
vision due to high astigmatism, and
causes sensitivity to light and glare.
KERATOCONUS
Also known as “Dry Eyes” is dryness of
the conjunctiva and cornea.
KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA
-inflammation of the conjunctiva.
CONJUNCTIVITIS
DISEASES IN THE EYELID/LASHES
MADAROSIS
TRIACHIASIS
DISTICHIASIS
STYE
CHALAZION
BLEPHARITIS
inflammation of the eyelids.
BLEPHARITIS
-painless compared to stye
-red bump
- also called meibomian cyst
CHALAZION
-also called HORDEOLUM
- small, red, painful lump that grows on your
lashes or under the eyelid.
STYE
-two rows of eyelashes.
DISTICHIASIS
- grow back toward the eye, touching the
cornea or conjunctiva.
TRIACHIASIS
-Loss of eyelashes and sometimes eyebrows.
MADAROSIS
PUPIL ABNORMALITIES
ANISOCORIA
A condition in which the pupil of
one eye is different from the pupil of
the other side.
ANISOCORIA
