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Intro To Opto > Pre-final Hyperopia > Flashcards

Pre-final Hyperopia Flashcards

1
Q

The term hypermetropia is derived from hyper meaning “______”
Met meaning “______” and opia meaning “_____”

A

“in excess”
“Measure”
“Of the eye”

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2
Q

Hyperopia also called

A

Longsightedness

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3
Q

First suggested

A

1755 kastner

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4
Q

It is the refractive state of eye where in parallel rays of light coming from infinity are focused behind the sentient layer of retina with accommodations being at rest

A

Hyperopia

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5
Q

______ _____ is behind the retina which receives a blurred image

A

Posterior focal point

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6
Q

-Most common
-total refractive power of eye is normal
-shortening of eyeball
-1mm short -3 D of HM
-At birth +2.5 -3D of Hm (physiologically)
-pathologically seen in cases like orbital tumour, inflammatory mass ,oedama

A

Axial

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7
Q

-flattening of cornea,lens or both
-1mm increase in radius of curvature results in 6D of HM
-never exceed 6D HM physiologically
-congenitally flattened (cornea plana)
-result trauma and disease

A

Curvature

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8
Q

-change in refractive index with age
-physiologically in old age
-pathologically in diabetics under treatment

A

INDEX

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9
Q

-posteriorly placed crystalline lens
-occurs as congenital anomaly
-result of trauma or disease

A

POSITIONAL

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10
Q

The 5 etiology

A

Axial
Curvature
Index
Positional
Absence of lens

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11
Q

Clinical types

A

Simple hyperopia
Pathological
Functional hyperopia

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12
Q

-Most common
-results from Normal biological variations in development of eyeball
-include axial and curvature hypermetropia
-maybe hereditary

A

Simple hyperopia

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13
Q

-anomalies lie outside the limits of biological variations
-acquired hypermetropia ( decreases curvature of outer lens fibers in old age, cortical sclerosis)

A

Pathological hypermetropia

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14
Q

Pathological hypermetropia has a

A

Positional hypermetropia
Aphakia
Consecutive hypermetropia

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15
Q

-Results from paralysis of accommodations
-seen in patients with 3rd nerve paralysis and internal ophthalmoplegia

A

Functional hypermetropia

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16
Q

-parellel ray focus behind retina
-diffusion circles produce blurred and indistinct images
-retina is nearer to nodal point
-image is smaller than emmetropic
-ray diverge from retina
-formation of clear image is possible only when converging power of eye is increased

A

OPTICAL CONDITION

17
Q

The relative sizes of the image in hypemetropia,emmetropia and myopia

A

AB is the object , (N) is the nodal point of the eye. The image is at obtained by drawing straight lines from A and B through N to the retina. Since the retina is the hypermetropic (H) it’s nearer to N. And in the myopic eye (M) is further away than in emmetropic eye (E) it follows the image of the first (1) smaller and that second (3) is larger than the image of the emmetropic eye (2)

18
Q

Total hypermetropia=
Latent + manifest
(Facultative+ absolute)

A

Nomenclature

19
Q

-it is the total amount of REFRACTIVE error, estimated after complete cycloplegia with atropine
-divide into latent and manifest

A

Total hypermetropia

20
Q

-corrected by inherent tone of ciliary muscle
-usually about 1D
-high in children
-decreases with age
-revealed after abolishing tone of ciliary muscle with atropine

A

LATENT HYPERMETROPIA

21
Q

-Remaining part of total hypermetropia
-correct by accommodation and convex lens
-measure by add strongest lens with max vision
-consists of facultative and absolute

A

Manifest hypermetropia

22
Q

Corrected by patients accommodative effort

A

Facultative hypermetropia

23
Q

Residual part not corrected by patients accommodative effort

A

ABSOLUTE HYPERMETROPIA

24
Q

Manifest Hypermetropia-absolute HYPERMETROPIA= facultative Hypermetropia
(Strongest lens) - (weakest lens)
-total hm -manifest hm= latent hm

A

Manifest hypermetropia cont

25
Q

-at birth +2+3D hypermetropia
-slightly increase in one year of life
-gradually diminishes until by age 5-10 years

A

Normal age variation

26
Q

A type of ametropia light passes through the different media of the eye forming focal point behind the retina

A

Hyperopia

27
Q

A type of astigmatism where both focal points fall behind the retina

A

Compound hyperopic astigmatism

28
Q

Another term of hyperopia

A

Longsightedness

Intro To Opto (9 decks)

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