PRELIM 04 - Gums and Mucilages Flashcards
Are natural plant exudates that flow slowly from tree barks and harden after air exposure; produced with injury to the plant
Gum
Are normal products of metabolism, formed within the cell and are produced without injury to the plant
Mucilages
Acacia (Sources of gums)
Shrub/tree exudates
Karaya (Sources of gums)
Shrub/tree exudates
Tragacanth (Sources of gums)
Shrub/tree exudates
Agar (Sources of gums)
Marine gums
Algin (Sources of gums)
Marine gums
Carrageenan (Sources of gums)
Marine gums
Guar (Sources of gums)
Seed gums
Locust bean (Sources of gums)
Seed gums
Psyllium (Sources of gums)
Seed gums
Pectins (Sources of gums)
Plant extracts
Hetastarch (Sources of gums)
Starch and cellulose derivatives
Carboxymethylcellulose (Sources of gums)
Starch and cellulose derivatives
Ethylcellulose (Sources of gums)
Starch and cellulose derivatives
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (Sources of gums)
Starch and cellulose derivatives
Methylcellulose (Sources of gums)
Starch and cellulose derivatives
Oxidized cellulose (Sources of gums)
Starch and cellulose derivatives
Dextrans (Sources of gums)
Microbial gums
Xanthan (Sources of gums)
Microbial gums
Is the dried, gummy exudate from Astragalus gummifer; used as a suspending agent, emulsifying agent, and as an adhesive (Examples of gums)
Tragacanth
Tragacanth is the dried, gummy exudate from __________
Astragalus gummifer (Fam: Leguminosae)
Tragacanth is commonly known as __________
Gum tragacanth
Tragacanth is from the Greek word __________ (goat) and __________ (horn) referring to the curved shape of the drug (TA)
Tragos, Akantha
__________ means milkbone and refers to the exuding and subsequent hardening of the drug
Astralagus
________ is a Latin word that means gum-bearing
Gummifer
Is wormlike and is twisted into coils (Shapes of tragacanth)
Vermiform
Shaped like irregular tears (Shapes of tragacanth)
Tragacanth sorts
Came from transverse incision and considered as a better grade of tragacanth gum (Shapes of tragacanth)
Ribbon and flake gum
No. ________ are almost colorless and nearly translucent (Grades of tragacanth)
1
No. __________ and No. __________ have more color and opacity (Grades of tragacanth)
2,3
Tragacanth contains __________ to __________% bassorin and __________% tragacanthin
60-70%, 30%
A complex of polymethoxylated acids which swells in water but does not dissolve (Components of tragacanth)
Bassorin
A demethoxylated bassorin that is water soluble (Components of tragacanth)
Tragacanthin
Is the dried, gummy exudate from Acacia senegal; used as a suspending agent, emulsifying agent, and binder in tablet formulations (Examples of gums)
Acacia
Acacia is the dried, gummy exudate from __________
Acacia senegal (Fam: Leguminosae)
Acacia is commonly known as __________
Gum arabic
Acacia is from the Greek word __________ meaning pointed
Akakia
__________ mentioned acacia in 3rd century BC under the name “Egyptian gum”
Theophrastus
Acacia consists primarily of __________, which is a complex mixture of calcium, magnesium, and potassium salts of arabic acid
Arabin
Is an exudate from Anogeissus latifolia (Fam: Combretaceae), which is a tree indigenous to India and Sri Lanka; used as a substitute for acacia (Examples of gums) (GI)
Ghatti gum/Indian gum
Ghatti gum or Indian gum is used as a substitute for __________
Acacia
Is the dried, gummy exudate from Sterculia urens (Fam: Sterculiaceae) and Cochlospermum gossypium; used as a bulk laxative, an agent for forming emulsions and suspensions, and as a dental adhesive (Examples of gums) (KS)
Karaya gum/Sterculia gum
Sterculia is from the Latin word __________, the deity that presided over manuring and refers to the fetid odor of the trees
Sterculius
Karaya gum is an ingredient in __________
Movicol
Extracted from brown seaweeds and obtained from Macrocystis pyrifera (Examples of gums) (SA)
Sodium alginate/Algin
Sodium alginate/Algin is obtained from __________
Macrocystis pyrifera
__________ is used as a tablet binder and thickening agent, as well as in liquid preparations used for the control of GERD (Components of sodium alginate)
Alginic acid
__________ is used in the formation of a firm gel for preparing dental impressions (Components of sodium alginate)
Calcium alginate
__________ is useful in formulations that require greater acid stability (Components of sodium alginate)
Propylene glycol ester of algin
Is the dried, hydrophilic, colloidal substance extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracillaria confervoides, and related red algae; used as a laxative and a gelatin agent for culture media (Examples of gums)
Agar
Agar is the dried, hydrophilic, colloidal substance extracted from __________, __________, and related red algae (GC, GC)
Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracillaria confervoides
Agar is also referred to as __________
Japanese isinglas
2 principal constituents of agar (AA)
Agarose, Agaropectin
A neutral galactose which is principally responsible for the gel strength of agar (Constituents of agar)
Agarose
Is responsible for viscosity of agar solutions (Constituents of agar)
Agaropectin
Pure __________ is used as a matrix for immunodiffusion
Agarose
Obtained from various red algae or seaweeds, Chondrus chrispus and Gigartina mamillosa; used as a gelatin agent and thickener (Examples of gums)
Carrageenan
3 constituents of carrageenan (KIL)
Kappa (Κ), Iota (Ι), Lambda (λ)
__________ and __________ are good gelatin agents (Constituents of carrageenan)
Kappa, Iota
__________ is useful as a thickener (Constituents of carrageenan)
Lambda
A red algae that yields an extract called Furcellarian/Danish agar which is similar to kappa carrageenan
Furcellaria fastigiata
Furcellaria fastigiata is a red alga that yields an extract called __________ which is similar to kappa carrageenan
Furcellarian/Danish agar
Is the cleaned, dried, and ripe seed of Plantago psyllium (P. afra), P. indica (P. arenaria), and P. ovata; used as a cathartic (Examples of gums)
Plantago seed
2 synonyms of plantago seed (PP)
Psyllium seed, Plantain seed
__________ is from Latin which means sole of the foot
Plantago
__________ is from Greek which means flea
Psyllium
__________ is from the Latin word arena (sand)
Arenaria
__________ refers to the oval shape of the leaf
Ovata
__________ and __________ are known in commerce as Spanish or French psyllium (PA, PI)
Plantago afra, Plantago indica
__________ is known as ispaghula, blond psyllium, spogel seeds, or Indian plantage seeds
Plantago ovata
Factor that represents that quantitative swelling due to the presence of mucilage present in plantago seed
Swelling factor
Dose for plantago seed
7.5 g with considerable amount of water
Is the ripe seed of Cydonia vulgaris; used as a demulcent, emulsifying agent, and in the preparation of hair-fixing lotion (Examples of gums) (QC)
Quince seed/Cydonium
Quince seed/Cydonium is the ripe seed of __________
Cydonia vulgaris
Is the powdered endosperm of the seed of Cyamopsis tetragonolobus; used as a bulk-forming laxative and as a thickening agent, tablet binder, and disintegrant (Examples of gums) (GG)
Guar gum/Guaran
Constituent of Guar gum/Guaran that upon hydrolysis will yield galactose and mannose
Galactomannan
Is the hydrocolloid containing powdered endosperm of the seed of Ceratonia siliqua (Examples of gums)
Locust bean gum
Locust bean gum is the hydrocolloid containing powdered endosperm of the seed of __________
Ceratonia siliqua
__________ means a flour or powder made from the flesh of the mature seed pods of Ceratonia siliqua; resembles chocolate
Carob
2 synonyms of locust bean gum (CS)
Carob pulp, St. John’s bread
Is prepared by the action of Xanthomonas campestris on glucose; makes toothpastes and ointments hold their shape and spread easily (Examples of gums)
Xanthan gum
Xanthan gum is prepared by the action of __________ on glucose
Xanthomonas campestris
Obtained from the dilute acid extract of the inner portion of the rind of citrus fruits or from apple pomace; used as a dental adhesive, bulk laxative, and tablet binder (Examples of gums)
Pectin
Constituent of pectin
Linear 1,4 linked D-galacturonan
