MIDTERM 02 - Lipids Flashcards
Are esters of long chain fatty acids and alcohols or of closely related derivatives
Lipids
Are made of carboxylic acid and a hydrocarbon chain
Fatty acids
Presence of a carbon-carbon double bond (Types of fatty acids)
Unsaturated
All carbon-carbon bonds are single covalent bonds (Types of fatty acids)
Saturated
Number of carbons from the carboxylic acid end to the first carbon in the double bond (Fatty acid nomenclature)
Delta nomenclature
Number of carbons from the methyl end to the first carbon in the double bond closest to the methyl end (Fatty acid nomenclature)
Omega nomenclature
__________ and __________ are structural components of cell membranes (OO)
Omega-3, Omega-6
Contains NLT 40% stearic acid and NLT 40% palmitic acid; the sum of these 2 acids is NLT 90% (Examples of lipids)
Stearic acid
Used as a tablet lubricant and emulsion adjunct (Examples of lipids)
Stearic acid
Contains NLT 90% stearic acid and the total content of stearic and palmitic acids is NLT 90% (Examples of lipids)
Purified stearic acid
Used as tablet lubricants (Stearic acid derivatives) (CM)
Calcium stearate, Magnesium stearate
Used in dusting powders (Stearic acid derivatives)
Zinc stearate
Used as an emulsifying agent and stiffening agent (Stearic acid derivatives)
Sodium stearate
Used as an emulsifying agent; have emollient properties and contribute to the stability of emulsions (Stearic acid derivatives) (GP)
Glyceryl monostearate, Propylene glycol monostearate
Used as a suspending agent (Stearic acid derivatives)
Aluminum monostearate
Are mixtures consisting of the esters of isopropyl alcohol and saturated high molecular-weight fatty acids (Examples of lipids) (II)
Isopropyl myristate, Isopropyl palmitate
Used as ingredients in topical emollient creams and ointments (Examples of lipids) (II)
Isopropyl myristate, Isopropyl palmitate
They lack the hypersensitization potential encountered with lanolin (Examples of lipids) (II)
Isopropyl myristate, Isopropyl palmitate
A by-product in the production of stearic acid; miscible in water and darkens when exposed to air (Examples of lipids)
Oleic acid
Used as an emulsion adjunct (Examples of lipids)
Oleic acid
It is less viscous and more rapidly absorbed by body tissues; used as a pharmaceutical vehicle (Oleic acid derivatives)
Ethyl oleate
Used as an emollient and emulsifying agent (Oleic acid derivatives)
Oleyl alcohol
Are polyunsaturated octadecenoic acids essential for human nutrition and can be obtained from soybean oil (Examples of lipids) (LL)
Linoleic acid, Linolenic acid
Linoleic acid and linolenic acid are essential for human nutrition and have been called ___________
Vitamin F
Used as dietary supplements (Examples of lipids) (LL)
Linoleic acid, Linolenic acid
Prepared by pyrolysis of ricinoleic acid which is obtained from castor oil; often combined with zinc for treatment of athlete’s foot (Examples of lipids) (U10)
Undecylenic acid, 10-undecenoic acid
Used as a topical antifungal (Examples of lipids) (U10)
Undecylenic acid, 10-undecenoic acid
Used in powders for diaper rash (Undecylenic acid derivatives)
Calcium undecylenate
Is the sodium salts of fatty acids of cod liver oil available as a sterile solution (Examples of lipids)
Sodium morrhuate
Is the fixed oil prepared from the fresh liver of the cod, Gadus callarias and other species of Gadus (Fam: Gadidae)
Cod liver oil
Used as a sclerosing agent to obliterate varicose veins (Examples of lipids)
Sodium morrhuate
Injection that may show a separation of solid material upon standing
Sodium morrhuate injection
Cod (Scientific name)
Gadus callarias
Fixed oils are liquid at room temperature except __________
Cocoa butter
Fats are semisolids/solids at room temperature except ___________
Cod liver oil
__________ and __________ are formed when glycerol combines with fatty acids and glycerol (FF)
Fixed oils, Fats
Are higher molecular weight alcohols + fatty acids
Waxes
Refers to the number of mg of potassium hydroxide required to neutralize the free acids in 1g of the oil (Quantitative tests for fixed oils)
Acid value
High acid values arise in __________ oils
Rancified
Indicates the number of mg of potassium hydroxide required to neutralize the free fatty acids and to saponify the esters contained in 1g of the substance (Quantitative tests for fixed oils)
Saponification value
A _________ saponification value indicates that the sample has a shorter fatty acid chain and a lower molecular weight
High
A __________ saponification value indicates that the sample has a longer fatty acid chain and a higher molecular weight
Low
Is the difference between the saponification and acid values (Quantitative tests for fixed oils)
Ester value
The greater the _________, the higher the ester content in the oil sample
Ester value
The number of g of iodine absorbed, under prescribed conditions, by 100g of a substance (Quantitative tests for fixed oils)
Iodine value
Iodine value indicates the degree of __________
Unsaturation
Fats are soluble in organic solvents such as chloroform and alcohol (Other tests for lipids)
Solubility tests
The sample is rubbed between the folds of filter paper; appearance of a translucent spot confirms the presence of fats in the sample (Other tests for lipids)
Translucent spot test
Used to detect the presence of glycerol or fat (Other tests for lipids)
Acrolein test
Drying oil (Iodine value)
> 120
Semi-drying oil (Iodine value)
100-120
Non-drying oil (Iodine value)
<100
Sesame oil (Type of fixed oil)
Drying oil
Soybean oil (Type of fixed oil)
Drying oil
Linseed oil (Type of fixed oil)
Drying oil
Cod liver oil (Type of fixed oil)
Drying oil
Cottonseed (Type of fixed oil)
Semi-drying oil
Olive oil (Type of fixed oil)
Non-drying oil
Almond oil (Type of fixed oil)
Non-drying oil
Peanut oil (Type of fixed oil)
Non-drying oil
Is the ripe seed of Ricinus communis (Examples of fixed oils) (CC)
Castor oil/Castor bean oil
Used as a constituent of flexible collodion (Examples of fixed oils) (CC)
Castor oil/Castor bean oil
Castor oil is from the ripe seed of __________
Ricinus communis
Castor oil (Family)
Euphorbiaceae
__________ seed contains fixed oil, globulin, albumin, nucleo albumin, glycoprotein, ricin, and ricinine
Castor
A toxic lectin/hemagluttin; is poisonous to cattle but does not affect poultry (Constituents of castor oil)
Ricin
An alkaloid that is structurally related to nicotinamide (Constituents of castor oil)
Ricinine
Has anti-acne properties (Constituents of castor oil)
Azelaic acid
Is hydrolyzed by lipase in the duodenum to release ricinoleic acid, which is a cathartic (Constituents of castor oil)
Triricinolein
Has fungistatic properties (Constituents of castor oil)
Undecylenic acid
Means tick/bug; refers to the seed’s resemblance to some bugs (Etymology of castor oil)
Ricinus
Is the fixed oil obtained from Olea europoea (Examples of fixed oils) (OSS)
Olive oil/Sweet oil/Salad oil
Used as a setting retardant for dental cement (Examples of fixed oils) (OSS)
Olive oil/Sweet oil/Salad oil
Means olive (Etymology of olive oil)
Oliva
Means oil (Etymology of olive oil)
Elaion
Obtained from gently pressing the peeled pulp free from the endocarp (Types of olive oil)
Virgin oil
Obtained from peeled pulp with less pressure (Types of olive oil)
First grade oil
Obtained from the same pulp with greater pressure applied (Types of olive oil)
Second grade oil
The pulp is mixed with water and pressed again (Types of olive oil)
Technical oil
Oleic, palmitic, linoleic, stearic, myristic, hexadecenoic, and arachidic acid are constituents of __________
Olive oil
Olive oil is the fixed oil obtained from __________
Olea europoea
From the ripe seed of Arachis hypogaea (Leguminosae) (Examples of fixed oils) (PA)
Peanut oil/Arachis oil
Used as solvent for IM injections (Examples of fixed oils) (PA)
Peanut oil/Arachis oil
Peanut oil is from the ripe seed of __________
Arachis hypogaea
Peanut oil (Family)
Leguminosae
Refers to the residue following expression of fixed peanut oil; used as livestock food
Peanut cake
Oleic, palmitic, stearic, arachidic, behenic, lignoceric acid, and thiamine are the constituents of ____________
Peanut oil
From the ripe seed of Glycine soja (Examples of fixed oils)
Soybean oil
Used as an ingredient in parenteral nutrition and a source of lecithin (Examples of fixed oils)
Soybean oil
Soybean oil is from the ripe seed of ___________
Glycine soja
Used is controlling deranged lipid and cholesterol metabolisms (Constituents of soybean oil)
Lecithin
Obtained from the lipid fractions; used as a precursor of steroidal hormones (Constituents of soybean oil)
Stigmasterol
Soybean oil that is an ingredient in balanced dietary supplement
Partially hydrogenated soybean oil
The residue after pressing out oil from soybean; used as livestock food and contains proteins, potassium, and phosphorus
Soybean cake
Refers to the flour sifted from the decorticated, ground seed of Glycine soja; used for the detection of urea-nitrogen in blood serum
Soybean meal
Is the refined, fixed oil obtained from Gossypium hirsutum (Examples of fixed oils)
Cottonseed oil
Used as a solvent for injections (Examples of fixed oils)
Cottonseed oil
Cottonseed oil is obtained from the seeds of __________
Gossypium hirsutum
Cottonseed oil (Family)
Malvaceae
Cake that contains gossypol which is a toxic constituent found in secretory cavities of plants
Cottonseed cake
Refers to the process of removing stearin from cottonseed oil
Winter chilling
Test for cottonseed oil
Halphen’s test
Obtained from the seed of Sesamum indicum (Examples of fixed oils) (STB)
Sesame oil/Teel oil/Benne oil
Used as a solvent for IM injections (Examples of fixed oils) (STB)
Sesame oil/Teel oil/Benne oil
Sesame oil is obtained from the seed of __________
Sesamum indicum
Phenolic constituent responsible for the excellent stability of the oil; produced by hydrolysis of sesamolin (Constituents of sesame oil)
Sesamol
Present in unsaponifiable fraction of the oil; synergist for pyrethrum insecticides (Constituents of sesame oil)
Sesamolin
Test for the detection of sesame oil
Baudouin’s test
Obtained from different varieties of Prunus amygdalus (Examples of fixed oils)
Almond oil
Used as emollient and ingredient in cosmetics (Examples of fixed oils)
Almond oil
Almond oil is obtained from the different varieties of ___________
Prunus amygdalus
Almond oil (Family)
Rosaceae
Bitter almond; contains amygdalin (Varieties of almond)
Prunus amygdalus var. amara
Sweet almond; used extensively as food (Varieties of almond)
Prunus amygdalus var. dulcis
Is the oil expressed form the kernel varieties of Prunus armeniaca or from the kernels of Prunus persica (Examples of fixed oils) (PAP)
Persic oil/Apricot kernel/Peach kernel oil
Persic oil is the oil expressed from the kernel varieties of __________ or from the kernels of __________ (PP)
Prunus armeniana, Prunus persica
Is the fixed oil obtained from Cocos nucifera; contains lauric, myristic, carpylic, and capric acids (Examples of fixed oils)
Coconut oil
Coconut oil is the fixed oil obtained from __________
Cocos nucifera
Coconut oil (Family)
Palmae
Coconut oil is semisolid at __________°C
20
Are major fatty acids (Constituents of coconut oil) (LM)
Lauric, Myristic
Are medium chain triglycerides; used when conventional food fats are not well absorbed or digested (Constituents of coconut oil) (CC)
Caprylic, Capric
Is the refined fixed oil obtained from Zea mays (Examples of fixed oils)
Corn oil
Used as solvent for injections and solvent for irradiated ergosterol (Examples of fixed oils)
Corn oil
Corn oil is obtained from ___________
Zea mays
Corn oil (Family)
Graminaceae
Corn oil has high unsaturation, with an iodine value of __________ to __________
110-128
Cake obtained after removal of oil from the dried corn germs and used as cattle feed
Germ oil cake
Is the fixed oil obtained from the seeds of Carthamus tinctorius (Examples of fixed oils)
Safflower oil
Used as a high calorie dietary supplement (Examples of fixed oils)
Safflower oil
Safflower oil is the fixed oil obtained from __________
Carthamus tinctorius
Safflower oil (Family)
Compositae
Is the fixed oil obtained from Helianthus annuus (Examples of fixed oils)
Sunflower oil
Used as an alternative to corn oil and safflower oil (Examples of fixed oils)
Sunflower oil
Sunflower oil is the fixed oil obtained from ___________
Helianthus annuus
Sunflower oil (Family)
Compositae
Is an iodine addition product of the ethyl ester of the fatty acids of poppy seed oil (Examples of fixed oils)
Ethiodized oil
Used as a diagnostic aid in hysterosalpingography and lymphography (Examples of fixed oils)
Ethiodized oil
An x-ray procedure that is used to view the inside of the uterus and fallopian tubes
Hysterosalpingography
An x-ray used to view the lymphatic system
Lymphography
From the dried ripe seed of Linus usitatissimum (Examples of fixed oils)
Linseed oil
Used in liniments (Examples of fixed oils)
Linseed oil
Linseed oil is obtained from __________
Linum usitatissimum
Linseed oil (Family)
Linaceae
Linseed oil has topical antibacterial property against __________
Staphylococcus aureus
Obtained from Elaeis guineensis; its constituents include palmitic and oleic acids (Examples of fixed oils)
Palm oil
Palm oil is obtained from __________
Elaeis guineensis
Obtained from Brassica napus and Brassica campestris (Examples of fixed oils)
Rapeseed oil
Rapeseed oil is obtained from ____________ and ___________ (BB)
Brassica napus, Brassica campestris
Fixed oil obtained from Oenotheria spp. (Examples of fixed oils)
Evening primrose oil
Used as treatment of eczema and premenstrual syndrome (Examples of fixed oils)
Evening primrose oil
Evening primrose oil is obtained from ___________
Oenotheria spp.
Evening primrose oil (Family)
Onagraceae
Evening primrose oil contains a substantial amount of ___________
Linolenic acid
Is the fat obtained from Theobroma cacao (Fats and related compounds) (TC)
Theobroma oil/Cocoa butter
Used as a suppository base and flavored vehicle (Fats and related compounds) (TC)
Theobroma oil/Cocoa butter
Theobroma oil is obtained from ___________
Theobroma cacao
Theobroma oil melts between __________ to __________°C
30-35°C
Are the roasted seeds of Theobroma cacao
Cacao beans/Cacao seeds
Means “food of the gods” (Etymology of theobroma oil)
Theobroma
Aztec name of the tree (Etymology of theobroma oil)
Cacao
Cacao seeds are roasted (not above ___________°C) to lose water and develop their characteristic odor and taste
140
Seeds are passed thru a “___________” to crack the seed coats and separate the kernels by winnowing
Nibbling machine
Refers to broken kernels of cacao
Nibs
Refers to cacao paste obtained by grinding the nibs in between hot rollers
Cacao butter
Refers to cacao butter that congealed at room temperature
Bitter chocolate
Refers to bitter chocolate to which sugar and vanilla have been added
Sweet chocolate
Refers to the powder obtained after expressing cacao
Prepared cacao/Breakfast cacao
Major constituent of Theobroma oil
Oleopalmitostearin
Oil that is refined, bleached, hydrogenated, and deodorized (Fats and related compounds)
Hydrogenated vegetable oil
Hydrogenated vegetable oil melts between __________ to ___________°C to give a pale yellow, oily liquid
61-66°C
Test for hydrogenated vegetable oil
Serger’s test
Its purpose is to convert oil into solid/semisolid fat and to stabilize an oil/fat
Hydrogenation
It is obtained from Ovis aries (Fats and related compounds)
Lanolin
Used in water absorbable ointment bases and ingredient in many skin creams and cosmetics (Fats and related compounds)
Lanolin
Hydrous wool fat contains ___________ to __________% water
25-30
Lanolin that has been purified and bleached (Fats and related compounds) (AW)
Anhydrous lanolin/Wool fat
Used as a water absorbable ointment base (Fats and related compounds) (AW)
Anhydrous lanolin/Wool fat
Anhydrous lanolin contains NMT ___________% water
0.25
Mixture of aliphatic alcohols (Fats and related compounds)
Lanolin alcohols
Used as an emulsifying agent in ointment formulation (Fats and related compounds)
Lanolin alcohols
Lanolin alcohols contain NLT ___________% cholesterol
30
Are esters resulting from condensation of high molecular weight
Waxes
A waxy substance obtained from sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) (Examples of waxes)
Spermaceti
A quality emollient used as ingredient in cold creams (Examples of waxes)
Spermaceti
Spermaceti is obtained from sperm whale, __________
Physeter macrocephalus
Hexadecyl dodecanoate is also known as __________ (Constituents of spermaceti)
Cetyl laurate
Hexadecyl tetradecanoate is also known as __________ (Constituents of spermaceti)
Cetyl myristate
Hexadecyl hexadecanoate is also known as __________ (Constituents of spermaceti)
Cetyl palmitate
Hexadecyl octadecanoate is also known as __________ (Constituents of spermaceti)
Cetyl stearate
A mixture of spermaceti consisting primarily of esters of saturated fatty alcohols and saturated fatty acids (SC)
Synthetic spermaceti/Cetyl ester wax
A mixture of solid alcohols consisting of cetyl alcohol; used as an emulsifying agent and stiffening agent in pharmaceutical preparations
Cetyl alcohol
A mixture of solid alcohols consisting of stearyl alcohol; used as an alternative to cetyl alcohol
Stearyl alcohol
Contains NLT 40% stearyl alcohol and NLT 90% cetyl alcohol
Cetostearyl alcohol
A liquid wax obtained from Simmondsia chinensis (Examples of waxes)
Jojoba oil
Used as emollient and agents of pharmaceutical necessity (Examples of waxes)
Jojoba oil
Jojoba oil is obtained from ___________
Simmondsia chinensis
Jojoba oil (Family)
Buxaceae
Eicosenoic acid, eicosenol, and docosenol are constituents of __________
Jojoba oil
Is the purified wax from Apis mellifera (Examples of waxes) (BY)
Beeswax/Yellow wax
Used as a stiffening agent and ingredient in yellow ointment (Examples of waxes) (BY)
Beeswax/Yellow wax
Beeswax/yellow wax is obtained from __________
Apis mellifera
Main constituent of beeswax/yellow wax
Myricyl palmitate
Is the bleached, purified wax from Apis mellifera (Examples of waxes) (WB)
White wax/Bleached beeswax
Used as a pharmaceutic base in ointments and cold creams (Examples of waxes) (WB)
White wax/Bleached beeswax
Method employed to detect the presence of adulterants in beeswax
Saponification cloud test
Obtained from Copernicia prunifera (Examples of waxes)
Carnauba wax
Used as a tablet coating agent and is a replacement for beeswax (Examples of waxes)
Carnauba wax
Carnauba wax is obtained from __________
Copernicia prunifera
Carnauba wax (Family)
Palmae
Main constituent of carnauba wax
Myricyl cerotate
Formed in the body from essential, unsaturated fatty acids, particularly arachidonic acid
Prostaglandins
4 main classes of prostaglandins
A, B, E, F
PGF2ɑ (Prostaglandin analog name)
Dinoprost
PGE2 (Prostaglandin analog name)
Dinoprostone
PGE1; used in neonates with patent ductus arteriosus and congenital heart disease (Prostaglandin analog name)
Alprostadil
15-methylprostaglandin F2ɑ (Prostaglandin analog name)
Carboprost
