PRELIM 02 - Structure and Bonding

Question 1

Most of the atom’s mass is in the __________

Answer 1

Nucleus

Question 2

Most of the atom’s volume is in the __________

Answer 2

Electron cloud

Question 3

According to this model, the exact location of the electron cannot be known

Answer 3

Quantum mechanical model

Question 4

The probability that the electron will be in a certain region of space at a given instant

Answer 4

Electron density

Question 5

Electrons do not circle around the nucleus in fixed orbits but rather, in __________

Answer 5

Orbitals

Question 6

Are used to describe orbitals

Answer 6

Quantum numbers

Question 7

4 types of quantum numbers

Answer 7

Principal, Azimuthal/Angular momentum, Magnetic, Electron spin

Question 8

Describes the orbitals occupied by the atom’s electrons when they are all in the available orbitals with the lowest energy

Answer 8

Ground-state electron configuration

Question 9

4 rules in electron configuration

Answer 9

Aufbau principle, Hund’s principle, Pauli’s exclusion principle, Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle

Question 10

Are electrons below the outermost shell

Answer 10

Core electrons

Question 11

Are electrons in the outermost shell

Answer 11

Valence electrons

Question 12

An attractive force between two ions or between two atoms

Answer 12

Chemical bond

Question 13

According to this rule, an atom is most stable if its outer shell is either filled or contains eight electrons

Answer 13

Octet rule

Question 14

Bond formed as a result of electrostatic attraction between ions of opposite charge

Answer 14

Ionic bond

Question 15

Compounds formed by ionic bonds

Answer 15

Ionic compound

Question 16

Bond formed as a result of sharing electrons between two nuclei

Answer 16

Covalent bond

Question 17

Compounds formed by covalent bonds

Answer 17

Molecular compounds

Question 18

Measure of the ability of an atom to pull the bonding electrons toward itself

Answer 18

Electronegativity

Question 19

A covalent bond between atoms with the same electronegativity

Answer 19

Nonpolar covalent bond

Question 20

A covalent bond between atoms with different electronegativities

Answer 20

Polar covalent bond

Question 21

A pair of equal and oppositely charged poles separated by a distance

Answer 21

Dipole

Question 22

Measure of dipole

Answer 22

Dipole moment

Question 23

Electron-dot structures

Answer 23

Lewis structure

Question 24

Line-bond structures

Answer 24

Kekulé structure

Question 25

Not an actual charge; used for bookkeeping of electrons

Answer 25

Formal charge

Question 26

Omitting of the covalent bonds and listing atoms bonded to a particular carbon next to it

Answer 26

Condensed structure

Question 27

Carbon atoms aren’t usually shown

Answer 27

Skeletal structures

Question 28

A 3D structure that shows 3D shape

Answer 28

Perspective drawing

Question 29

A 3D structure that shows bond angles accurately

Answer 29

Ball-and-stick model

Question 30

A 3D structure that shows atoms in scale

Answer 30

Space-filling model

Question 31

Geometry based on arrangement of atoms in a molecule

Answer 31

Molecular geometry

Question 32

Geometry based on valence electron pairs

Answer 32

Electron pair geometry

Question 33

A model for the prediction of molecular geometry based on the minimization of electron repulsion

Answer 33

Valence-shell electron-pair repulsion (VSEPR) model

Question 34

Assumes that the electrons in a molecule occupy overlapping atomic orbitals of the individual atoms

Answer 34

Valence bond theory

Question 35

Assumes the formation of molecular orbitals from the atomic orbitals

Answer 35

Molecular orbital theory

Question 36

Head-on overlap of atomic orbitals; stronger

Answer 36

Sigma (σ) bond

Question 37

Sideway overlap of atomic orbitals; weaker

Answer 37

Pi (π) bond

Question 38

Atomic orbitals obtained when two or more nonequivalent orbitals of the same atom combine for covalent bond formation

Answer 38

Hybrid orbitals

Question 39

Described a region in space in a molecule where electrons are most likely to be found

Answer 39

Molecular orbital

Question 40

2 ways to combine atomic orbitals into molecular orbitals

Answer 40

Additive, Subtractive

Question 41

Lower energy, bonding molecular orbital

Answer 41

Additive

Question 42

Higher energy, antibonding molecular orbital

Answer 42

Subtractive

Question 43

Occurs when an electron is shared by more than 2 atoms with π bonds

Answer 43

π Electron delocalization

Question 44

Their special resonance relationship is indicated by the double-headed arrow between them

Answer 44

Resonance forms

Question 45

Indicated vacant p orbital, single electron, or lone pair of electrons on atom Z

Answer 45

Asterisk (*)

Question 46

Drawn between resonance forms

Answer 46

Double headed arrow

Question 47

Indicated movement of electrons

Answer 47

Curly arrow

Question 48

From electron-rich species

Answer 48

Tail

Question 49

To electron-deficient species

Answer 49

Head

Question 50

Double bonds separated by single bonds

Answer 50

Conjugation

Question 51

Special kind of conjugation

Answer 51

Aromaticity

Question 52

Bond lies in the plane of the paper

Answer 52

Normal bond

Question 53

Bond extends backwards, away from the viewer

Answer 53

Dashed bond

Question 54

Bond protrudes forward, towards the viewer

Answer 54

Wedged bond