Prejudice, Discrimination and Stereotyping Flashcards
What is traditional prejudice?
Prejudice against a group that is consciously acknowledged and openly expressed by the individual and/or supported by the government and law
What is modern prejudice?
When people actively oppose to racism/discrimination of minority groups, but they treat outgroup members differently, either intentionally or unconsciously often with devastating consequences
Who conducted an experiment involving CVs of equal quality but some are associated with Anglo-Saxon (British) sounding names and others with ethnic minority names?
Beattie, Cohen and McGuire (2013)
What is the term used to describe this?
Brief daily verbal, behavioural or environmental indignities, whether intentional or unintentional, that communicate hostile, derogatory, or negative racial slights and insults towards people of colour (Sue et al, 2007)
Racial microaggressions
A White employee asking a co-worker of colour how he/she got their job, implying
they may have landed it through a quota system
What is this an example of?
Racial microaggressions
Asking a British-born Asian, whether they miss ‘home’ or ‘where they are from originally’ implies that they are perpetually foreign
What is this an example of?
Racial microaggressions
Who proposed the Internal Racism experiment with black-and-white children and black-and-white baby dolls?
Clark and Clark
What were the results of Clark and Clark’s internal racism experiment?
- Give me the doll you would like to play with.
(67% chose White doll) - Give me the doll that is the nice doll.
(59% chose the White doll) - Give me the doll that is the bad doll.
(17% chose White) - Give me a doll that is a nice colour.
(60% chose the White)
What is the term used to describe this?
When children are prejudiced against their own race and prefer another race (due to media, their environment and social aspects)
Internalised racism
What is the term used to describe this?
Typically negative feelings towards a member
of a group because of their group membership.
Prejudice
What is the term used to describe this?
A fixed, over-generalized belief about a particular group or class of people.
Stereotypes
What is the term used to describe this?
Actual violence or action with a negative impact on a minority group
Discrimination
What is the term used to describe this?
Being prejudiced and discriminating against an out-group fulfils a major psychological
function: it makes us feel more positive about ourselves and the groups to which we belong
Motivational approach
What does Tajfel’s social identity theory argue?
1) As well as a personal identity, we also have a social identity
2) Social identity is derived from our group
membership
3) We gain self-esteem from group membership. Consequently, we feel a sense of anger or upset if our group membership is criticised.
“This is what makes us who we are”
Is this…
a. Self-concept
b. Social identity
c. Personal identity
a. Self-concept
“This is what makes us different from the rest of our group(s) or society”
Is this…
a. Self-concept
b. Social identity
c. Personal identity
c. Personal identity
“This is what makes us belong and feel similar to our group or society and how we present ourselves to people “
Is this…
a. Self-concept
b. Social identity
c. Personal identity
Social identity
What approach argues that when our group members are being criticised, we often restore our self-esteem by focusing on the positive aspects of our group and the negative aspects of other groups?
Motivational approach
According to the motivational approach, how do people restore self-esteem once their self-esteem has dropped due to criticism towards their group?
1) People focus on the positive aspects of the groups to which they do belong
2) People also focus on the negative aspects of the groups to which they do not belong and treat out-group badly
Define out-group hostility
When you treat groups that you don’t belong to badly
Who conducted a study on the social identity theory investigating prejudice?
Fein and Spencer (1997)
What did Fein and Spencer (1997) do in their study on the social identity theory investigating prejudice?
1) Participants were given an IQ test and then told that they had either done very well (self-esteem enhancing) or had failed (self-esteem lowering)
2) Later, participants were shown a video of a woman being interviewed for a job
There were 2 conditions:
C1 = It was clear the woman in the video was Jewish
C2 = It was clear the woman in the video was Christian
3) Ps were measured on how warm they felt towards the woman in the video
What do the results of Fein and Spencer’s (1997) study on the social identity theory investigating prejudice suggest?
- In line with SIT, participants with the self-esteem boost rated the Jewish and Christian candidates as equally warm
- In line with SIT participants with lowered self-esteem were more likely to rate the Jewish candidate as significantly less warm
- Threat to self-esteem does lead to the denigration of an out-group
What are the 3 perspectives to explain how and why prejudice exists?
1) Motivational approach
2) Socio-Cognitive approach
3) Economic perspective
What does the socio-cognitive approach suggest about mental shortcuts?
Our brain relies on heuristics (mental shortcuts to navigate through the complexity of the world around us)
What is the term used to describe this?
Having readily available categories which save mental effort and reduce cognitive load
Categorisation (this is part of our brain’s heuristic/mental shortcuts)
What does the socio-cognitive approach suggest about why people have a prejudice against certain groups?
There is a cognitive miser account of prejudice
We don’t intend to prejudice it’s just that our brain’s shortcuts can sometimes overgeneralise people and categorise people based on similar traits (classification), which can be problematic
What happens when we mentally classify people into groups? What processes does this lead to?
1) Out-group homogeneity effect
2) Confirmation bias
3) Illusory correlations
The tendency to see in-group members as highly diverse (i.e., different beliefs, personalities, ages, occupations) but the out-group members as ‘all alike’
This is known as…?
1) Out-group homogeneity effect
2) Confirmation bias
3) Illusory correlations
1) Out-group homogeneity effect
Amelia is white-British. She goes to. predominantly white school and views everyone as different (i.e. different religions, and beliefs).
Amelia visits another school for a sports competition. She sees a majority of the students are people of colour but assumes that they all “look the same” therefore they must have the same beliefs.
This is known as…?
1) Out-group homogeneity effect
2) Confirmation bias
3) Illusory correlations
1) Out-group homogeneity effect
The tendency of being more accurate at recognizing faces of your own race than faces of another race (Malpass & Kravits, 1969)
This is an example of…?
1) Out-group homogeneity effect
2) Confirmation bias
3) Illusory correlations
1) Out-group homogeneity effect
(specifically an own-race bias)
A process where people pay more attention to and remember information that tends to support their underlying stereotypes or beliefs.
1) Out-group homogeneity effect
2) Confirmation bias
3) Illusory correlations
2) Confirmation bias
In one classic study, Duncan showed White participants a short video in which either a White man ‘ambiguously shoves’ a Black man or a Black man ‘ambiguously shoves’ a White man
Participants perceived the behaviour as mere “horsing around” when done by another White person but became a “violent gesture” when done by a Black person (Duncan, 1976)
What is this an example of?
1) Out-group homogeneity effect
2) Confirmation bias
3) Illusory correlations
2) Confirmation bias
An incorrect belief that two events are related when they actually are not is known as?
Illusory Correlation
Who proposed the concept of illusory correlation?
Hamilton and Clifford
Behaviour of minority groups are
a. More likely to be remembered
b. Less likely to be remembered
a. More likely to be remembered
According to Hamilton and Clifford, why are the behaviours of minority groups more likely to be remembered?
Because minority group behaviours (e.g. crimes) happen less often and most of the time the events are noticeable to people
AKA Distinctive events
If a member of a minority group (distinct) commits a crime (distinct), people will (…………………..) and (………….) how frequently that behaviour is performed by the group
a. Forget it more readily, underestimate
b. Forget it more readily, overestimate
c. Remember it more readily, underestimate
d. Remember it more readily, overestimate
d. Remember it more readily, overestimate
When groups compete for limited resources, the groups often experience conflict, prejudice, and discrimination
This is known as….?
1) Motivational approach
2. Socio-cognitive
3. Economic perspective
- Economic perspective
Some of the strongest anti-black prejudice occurred shortly after the Civil Rights Movement became successful
This prejudice was strongest among the white working class
Why is this?
Working-class jobs became a threatened commodity for White Americans once millions of Black Americans were allowed to apply
Who proposed the Robber’s Cave experiment?
Sherif et al.
Describe the 3 phases in Sherif et al.’s Robber’s cave experiment
1) Phase 1 = “forming of 2 groups”
- 11 y/o boys were randomly divided into two groups and lived in two separate cabins and bonded with each other in camp activities
2) Phase 2 = “creating of conflict”
- The 2 groups were brought together for a five-day tournament
- The other group is now an obstacle to resources (prizes)
- This led to conflict, stealing, and burning of the other group’s flag.
3) Phase 3 = “making peace”
- The researchers created larger goals (superordinate goals) that made the groups of boys have to depend on each other in order to succeed
Sherif et al.’s Robber’s cave experiment is an example of…?
1) Motivational approach
2) Socio-Cognitive approach
3) Economic perspective
3) Economic perspective
