Interpersonal Attraction Flashcards
What makes a species social? Can species defend themselves easily?
Species cannot defend themselves from predators easily, so they rely on cooperative defence from predators and competitors
What is the term used to describe this?
Danger of a successful predator attack is divided among group members. This ‘dilutes’ the risk to any given individual, so that the risk of perishing in an attack decreases as 1/Group Size.
Dilution effect
What is the Dilution effect?
Danger of a successful predator attack is divided among group members. This ‘dilutes’ the risk to any given individual, so that the risk of perishing in an attack decreases as 1/Group Size
Who proposed the Dilution effect?
Lethonen & Jaatinen, 2016
What term is used to describe this?
The phenomenon of decreasing predator attack success with increasing prey group size.
Confusion Effect
What is the confusion effect?
The phenomenon of decreasing predator attack success with increasing prey group size.
Who proposed the confusion effect?
Hogan et al., 2007
The larger your social group, the (less/more) successful the predator is at targeting individual members of the group
Less successful
Why are larger group beneficial in allowing predators to be less successful in targeting individual group members?
The task of monitoring multiple different moving targets is cognitively difficult
What makes a species social? Can they take care of their offspring alone?
They tend to produce offspring that take a long-time to raise and so rely on cooperative raising of the young by the group
What makes a species social? Can they hunt effectively by themselves?
Species are not to be able to hunt effectively on their own and rely on cooperative foraging or hunting
What is the term used to describe this?
Individuals with adaptive traits are more likely to survive and reproduce and pass those adaptive traits onto their offspring.
Natural Selection
Define Natural Selection
Individuals with adaptive traits are more likely to survive and reproduce and pass those adaptive traits onto their offspring
What process causes favourable traits of species to be passed through generations?
Natural Selection
Individuals who formed close relationships with others were (……..) likely to survive and share resources (water, warmth and food) and to go on and reproduce.
a. More
b. Less
a. More
Modern humans have a (……………..) to belong and a natural tendency to form relationships with others (Lavigne et al., 2011; Baumeister and Leary, 1995)
Fundamental need
When people are around others, do they…?
a. Have a more positive mood
b. Have a more negative mood
a. Have a more positive mood
People experience more positive moods when they’re around others, especially when there is a certain level of..?
Closeness and intimacy
Individuals with the lowest level of involvement in social relationships are (less/more) likely to die than those with greater involvement (House, Landis, & Umberson 1988 Cacioppo et al., 2006)
More
People who interact the least with their social peers are more likely to die than those with greater involvement (House, Landis, & Umberson 1988 Cacioppo et al., 2006)
Is this statement true?
a. Yes
b. No
a. Yes
What are poor social networks associated with? List 3 negative associations
1) Development and progression of cardiovascular disease
2) High blood pressure
3) Cancer and delayed cancer recovery (Uchino, 2006)
Medical students with good social networks showed a weaker immune response to the Hepatitis B vaccine (Glaser et al., 1992)
Is this true or false?
False
Medical students with good social networks showed a stronger immune response to the Hepatitis B vaccine (Glaser et al., 1992)
Happily married patients had 30% higher survival chance 4 years after heart attack compared to single patients (Coyne et al., 2001)
Is this true or false?
True
Happily married patients had (?)% higher survival chance 4 years after a heart attack compared to single patients (Coyne et al., 2001)
a. 10%
b. 50%
c. 30%
d. 60%
c. 30%
What did Tilvis et al. (2004) discover about the relationship between loneliness and dementia?
Loneliness independently predicted dementia
- Tilvis et al. (2004) measured cognition of 75 to 85-year-olds at 1, 5 and 10-year follow-ups
Who discovered the positive relationship between loneliness and dementia?
Tilvis et al.
Social support affects mental and physical health. Who proposed this?
Cohen & Wills, 1985
What is cortisol?
Stress hormone in which long term exposure can lead to illnesses, disease and premature death
List 4 roles of social support
- Buffers stress
- Improve health behaviours and earlier diagnosis
- Encourage better compliance with medication
- Encourages practical and immediate support when one needs it
Social support is known to buffer stress. What does this mean?
Social support helps reduce cortisol (stress hormone in our biologically mediated pathways) and improve neuroimmune responses (Turner-Cobb et al., 2000)
Social support is known to improve health behaviours and earlier diagnosis. What does this mean?
Those with partners, friends or who are part of a larger social network may be diagnosed with an illness earlier than those without social support, thus having a better prognosis (Ramirez et al., 1999)
Social support is known to encourage better compliance with medication. What does this mean?
Social support encourages patients to seek help and go through medication when needed instead of suffering alone (Kroenke et al., 2006)
Social support is known to provide practical and immediate support when one needs it. What does this mean?
Instrumental support
Social support provides patients with immediate help when there’s an emergency or when they need it the most (Umberson & Montez, 2011)
Happier people may have a higher chance of being in a long-term relationship. Why?
Happier people may have more appealing qualities that make them more likely to enter a relationship (i.e. more social, engage with others more, meet more new people)
Because they are happier and more social, they know a lot more people and have an increased chance of meeting their romantic partner
Positive emotional expressions on pictures in college yearbooks predicted marriage success 20 years later. Who proposed this?
Harker & Keltner, 2001
Who proposed the Facial Action Coding System?
Ekman and Friesen (1978)
What did Ekman and Friesen (1978) propose about facial action?
Facial Action Coding System
What did the Facial Action Coding System examine?
1) Smile intensity
2) Duchenne vs non-Duchenne smiles
What type of smile is this?
- Has Orbicularis Oculi (eyelid muscles contract)
- Zygomatic Major Muscle (pulls the mouth backwards)
a. Duchenne
b. Non-Duchenne smiles
a. Duchenne
What are Duchenne smiles?
Real/genuine smiles
What are non-Duchenne smiles?
Fake/non-genuine smiles
When someone produces a Duchenne smile, how many muscles are operating?
2
When someone produces a Duchenne smile, what types of muscles are operating?
1) Orbicularis Oculi (eyelid)
2) Zygomatic Major Muscle (mouth)
What type of smile is this?
- Has Zygomatic Major Muscle only (pulls the mouth backwards)
a. Duchenne
b. Non-Duchenne smiles
b. Non-Duchenne smiles
Which muscle in a genuine smile/ Duchenne is hard to fake?
Orbicularis Oculi (eyelid) muscles
When someone produces a Non-Duchenne smile, how many muscles are operating?
1
When someone produces a Non-Duchenne smile, what types of muscles are operating?
2) Zygomatic Major Muscle (mouth)
Positive emotional expressions on pictures in college yearbooks predicted marriage success 20 years later (Harker & Keltner, 2001)
Why is this?
- People who were naturally happy were more likely to be happy on graduation day than naturally less happy people
- Less happy people may reflect on their graduation day in a negative way whereas happier people reflect in a positive way
- 20 years later, happier people will smile when they think about their happy memories on graduation day but less happy people think otherwise
Who proposed the Triangular Theory of Love?
Sternberg
What did Sternberg propose?
Triangular Theory of Love
What does the Triangular Theory of Love attempt to define?
The theory attempts to define the different types of love that a person may experience
What are the 3 components of love according to the Triangular Theory of Love?
1) Intimacy
2) Passion
3) Commitment
Intimacy is one of the components of love according to the Triangular Theory of Love. What is intimacy?
Intimacy is the sharing of details and intimate thoughts and emotions
Commitment is one of the components of love according to the Triangular Theory of Love. What is commitment?
Commitment is standing by a partner
Passion is one of the components of love according to the Triangular Theory of Love. What is passion?
Passion is the physical attraction towards someone (the flame in the fire)
According to the Triangular Theory of Love, romantic love is when…?
a. Intimacy meets Passion
b. Passion meets Commitment
c. Commitment meets Intimacy
d. Passion alone
a. Intimacy meets Passion
According to the Triangular Theory of Love, liking someone is when…?
a. Intimacy meets Passion
b. Passion meets Commitment
c. Commitment meets Intimacy
d. Intimacy alone
d. Intimacy alone
According to the Triangular Theory of Love, compassionate love is when…?
a. Intimacy meets Passion
b. Passion meets Commitment
c. Commitment meets Intimacy
d. Passion alone
c. Commitment meets Intimacy
According to the Triangular Theory of Love, empty love is when…?
a. Intimacy meets Passion
b. Commitment alone
c. Passion alone
d. Intimacy alone
b. Commitment alone
According to the Triangular Theory of Love, fatuous love is when…?
a. Intimacy meets Passion
b. Commitment alone
c. Passion alone
d. Passion meets commitment
d. Passion meets commitment
According to the Triangular Theory of Love, infatuation is when…?
a. Intimacy meets Passion
b. Intimacy meets Passion meets commitment
c. Passion alone
d. Passion meets commitment
c. Passion alone
According to the Triangular Theory of Love, consummate love is when…?
a. Intimacy meets Passion meets commitment
b. Intimacy alone
c. Commitment meets Intimacy
d. Passion meets commitment
a. Intimacy meets Passion meets commitment
According to the Triangular Theory of Love, what does romantic love lack?
a. Intimacy
b. Commitment
c. Passion
d. A and B
b. Commitment
According to the Triangular Theory of Love, what does liking someone lack?
a. Intimacy
b. Commitment
c. Passion
d. B and C
d. B and C
According to the Triangular Theory of Love, what does companionate love lack?
a. Intimacy
b. Commitment
c. Passion
d. A and C
c. Passion
According to the Triangular Theory of Love, what does empty love lack?
a. Intimacy
b. A and D
c. Commitment
d. Passion
b. A and D
According to the Triangular Theory of Love, what does fatuous love lack?
a. Intimacy
b. A and C
c. Commitment
d. Passion
a. Intimacy
According to the Triangular Theory of Love, what does infatuation lack?
a. Intimacy
b. A and C
c. Commitment
d. Passion
b. A and C
According to the Triangular Theory of Love, what does consumate love lack?
a. Intimacy
b. None
c. Commitment
d. Passion
b. None
What is the alternative view to the Triangular Theory of Love?
The social construction of love
Who proposed the social construction of love?
Beall & Sternberg, 1995
Gregon & Gregon, 2003
What does the social construction of love propose about the types of love one experiences?
That the definition of love differs between cultures and time
According to the social construction of love, in the Western Dominant Model, is romantic love…?
a. Polygamous
b. Monogamous
b. Monogamous
According to the social construction of love, in the Western Dominant Model, is marriage…?
a. When people fall in love and then get married
b. When people engage in arranged marriages
a. When people fall in love and then get married
According to the social construction of love, in the Western Dominant Model, is gay marriage…?
a. Legal in 29/197 countries
b. Illegal
a. Legal in 29/197 countries
According to the Triangular Theory of Love, what does consummate love lack?
a. Intimacy
b. None
c. Commitment
d. Passion
b. None
“We believe that love is an emotional experience that changes according to its cultural milieu. We suggest that part of the experience of love is its definition and that when cultures have different definitions of love, they experience love differently”
Who said this?
Beall & Sternberg
Who conducted a study on whether or not love is an addiction?
Fisher, Aron, & Brown
Fisher, Aron, & Brown conducted a study on people who were madly in love. Describe the study.
- Recruited participants who were madly in love
- Measured participants’ brain activity using a brain scanner while they were looking at pictures of their loved ones
Fisher, Aron, & Brown conducted a study on people who were madly in love. Describe the results.
- Participants’ dopamine system was activated
- Dopamine = associated with the anticipation of reward and focused attention; involved in pleasure and addiction
- Findings suggest love is a strong motivation; one has an addictive craving to be with the other person
How do relationships (romantic or friendship) start? List 3 key features
- Proximity
- Familiarity
- Similarity
Relationships (romantic or friendship) can start through proximity. What does this mean?
How far that person lives from where we live
Relationships (romantic or friendship) can start through familiarity. What does this mean?
When we feel like we know that person/are familiar with that person
Relationships (romantic or friendship) can start through similarity. What does this mean?
The extent to which that person has similar interests as us and is “people like us”
How far that person lives from where we live
This is..?
a. Proximity
b. Familiarity
c. Similarity
a. Proximity
The extent to which that person has similar interests as us and is “people like us”
This is..?
a. Proximity
b. Familiarity
c. Similarity
c. Similarity
When we feel like we know that person/are familiar with that person
This is..?
a. Proximity
b. Familiarity
c. Similarity
b. Familiarity
Being physically close to others increases the chance of becoming friends
What effect is this?
Proximity (propinquity) effect
Describe the proximity (propinquity) effect
When being physically close to others increases the chance of becoming friends
Who investigated the proximity (propinquity) effect?
Festinger, Schachter, & Back (1950)
Festinger, Schachter, & Back (1950) proposed the Westgate West complex. Describe the study.
- Studied participants living in different buildings and apartments on different floors
- Observed the relationship development of neighbours over 10 months
Festinger, Schachter, & Back (1950) proposed the Westgate West complex. Describe the findings in general
Physical proximity predicted the development of friendships
People formed more friendships with others who lived close to them
Festinger, Schachter, & Back (1950) proposed the Westgate West complex. Describe the findings in terms of %.
- 65% said their best friend on campus lived in their block
- 42% said their best friend lived 1 door away
- 22% said their best friend lived 2 doors away
- 16% said their best friend lived 3 doors away
Why does proximity result in liking someone?
The closer you live to someone, the more you see them every day and familiarity increases
Familiarity with a new person increases liking (Moreland & Beach, 1992)
Attraction as a function of Mere Exposure suggests that…?
The more often you see that person, the more familiar they are to you and the more likely you’ll find them attractive
Who proposed the Similarity-attraction effect?
Byrne, 1971
What does the similarity-attraction effect suggest?
We like others who are similar to us
What paradigm suggests that opposites do not attract and similarity attracts us more?
Bogus stranger paradigm
Who proposed the Bogus stranger paradigm?
Byrne, 1971
Describe the Bogus stranger paradigm study and results
1) Participants completed an attitudes questionnaire
2) Participant read the attitudes questionnaire of the target person (actually a bogus stranger)
3) Manipulation of similarity of the target person (10%, 20% or 50% similar)
4) Participants were asked, “how much do you think you’d like this person?”
5) Results = Participant liked similar target persons more
What were the limitations of the Bogus stranger paradigm?
1) Assumes that people know what they want in a partner or friend (assume people have a type that they go for)
2) People might believe that they want someone similar but if they were given a person with different attributes and characteristics (complementary yet different), they might choose difference over similarity
