Interpersonal Attraction Flashcards
What makes a species social? Can species defend themselves easily?
Species cannot defend themselves from predators easily, so they rely on cooperative defence from predators and competitors
What is the term used to describe this?
Danger of a successful predator attack is divided among group members. This ‘dilutes’ the risk to any given individual, so that the risk of perishing in an attack decreases as 1/Group Size.
Dilution effect
What is the Dilution effect?
Danger of a successful predator attack is divided among group members. This ‘dilutes’ the risk to any given individual, so that the risk of perishing in an attack decreases as 1/Group Size
Who proposed the Dilution effect?
Lethonen & Jaatinen, 2016
What term is used to describe this?
The phenomenon of decreasing predator attack success with increasing prey group size.
Confusion Effect
What is the confusion effect?
The phenomenon of decreasing predator attack success with increasing prey group size.
Who proposed the confusion effect?
Hogan et al., 2007
The larger your social group, the (less/more) successful the predator is at targeting individual members of the group
Less successful
Why are larger group beneficial in allowing predators to be less successful in targeting individual group members?
The task of monitoring multiple different moving targets is cognitively difficult
What makes a species social? Can they take care of their offspring alone?
They tend to produce offspring that take a long-time to raise and so rely on cooperative raising of the young by the group
What makes a species social? Can they hunt effectively by themselves?
Species are not to be able to hunt effectively on their own and rely on cooperative foraging or hunting
What is the term used to describe this?
Individuals with adaptive traits are more likely to survive and reproduce and pass those adaptive traits onto their offspring.
Natural Selection
Define Natural Selection
Individuals with adaptive traits are more likely to survive and reproduce and pass those adaptive traits onto their offspring
What process causes favourable traits of species to be passed through generations?
Natural Selection
Individuals who formed close relationships with others were (……..) likely to survive and share resources (water, warmth and food) and to go on and reproduce.
a. More
b. Less
a. More
Modern humans have a (……………..) to belong and a natural tendency to form relationships with others (Lavigne et al., 2011; Baumeister and Leary, 1995)
Fundamental need
When people are around others, do they…?
a. Have a more positive mood
b. Have a more negative mood
a. Have a more positive mood
People experience more positive moods when they’re around others, especially when there is a certain level of..?
Closeness and intimacy
Individuals with the lowest level of involvement in social relationships are (less/more) likely to die than those with greater involvement (House, Landis, & Umberson 1988 Cacioppo et al., 2006)
More
People who interact the least with their social peers are more likely to die than those with greater involvement (House, Landis, & Umberson 1988 Cacioppo et al., 2006)
Is this statement true?
a. Yes
b. No
a. Yes
What are poor social networks associated with? List 3 negative associations
1) Development and progression of cardiovascular disease
2) High blood pressure
3) Cancer and delayed cancer recovery (Uchino, 2006)
Medical students with good social networks showed a weaker immune response to the Hepatitis B vaccine (Glaser et al., 1992)
Is this true or false?
False
Medical students with good social networks showed a stronger immune response to the Hepatitis B vaccine (Glaser et al., 1992)
Happily married patients had 30% higher survival chance 4 years after heart attack compared to single patients (Coyne et al., 2001)
Is this true or false?
True
Happily married patients had (?)% higher survival chance 4 years after a heart attack compared to single patients (Coyne et al., 2001)
a. 10%
b. 50%
c. 30%
d. 60%
c. 30%
What did Tilvis et al. (2004) discover about the relationship between loneliness and dementia?
Loneliness independently predicted dementia
- Tilvis et al. (2004) measured cognition of 75 to 85-year-olds at 1, 5 and 10-year follow-ups
Who discovered the positive relationship between loneliness and dementia?
Tilvis et al.
Social support affects mental and physical health. Who proposed this?
Cohen & Wills, 1985
What is cortisol?
Stress hormone in which long term exposure can lead to illnesses, disease and premature death
List 4 roles of social support
- Buffers stress
- Improve health behaviours and earlier diagnosis
- Encourage better compliance with medication
- Encourages practical and immediate support when one needs it
Social support is known to buffer stress. What does this mean?
Social support helps reduce cortisol (stress hormone in our biologically mediated pathways) and improve neuroimmune responses (Turner-Cobb et al., 2000)
Social support is known to improve health behaviours and earlier diagnosis. What does this mean?
Those with partners, friends or who are part of a larger social network may be diagnosed with an illness earlier than those without social support, thus having a better prognosis (Ramirez et al., 1999)
Social support is known to encourage better compliance with medication. What does this mean?
Social support encourages patients to seek help and go through medication when needed instead of suffering alone (Kroenke et al., 2006)
Social support is known to provide practical and immediate support when one needs it. What does this mean?
Instrumental support
Social support provides patients with immediate help when there’s an emergency or when they need it the most (Umberson & Montez, 2011)
Happier people may have a higher chance of being in a long-term relationship. Why?
Happier people may have more appealing qualities that make them more likely to enter a relationship (i.e. more social, engage with others more, meet more new people)
Because they are happier and more social, they know a lot more people and have an increased chance of meeting their romantic partner
Positive emotional expressions on pictures in college yearbooks predicted marriage success 20 years later. Who proposed this?
Harker & Keltner, 2001
Who proposed the Facial Action Coding System?
Ekman and Friesen (1978)
What did Ekman and Friesen (1978) propose about facial action?
Facial Action Coding System
What did the Facial Action Coding System examine?
1) Smile intensity
2) Duchenne vs non-Duchenne smiles
What type of smile is this?
- Has Orbicularis Oculi (eyelid muscles contract)
- Zygomatic Major Muscle (pulls the mouth backwards)
a. Duchenne
b. Non-Duchenne smiles
a. Duchenne
What are Duchenne smiles?
Real/genuine smiles
