Aggression 2 Flashcards
Factors that are endemic/found in a particular environment that may lead to some sort of behaviours are known as…?
Situational variables
What situational variables lead to increased aggression? List 3
1) Alcohol
2) Song Lyrics
3) Heat
Define Situational variables
Factors that are endemic/found in a particular environment that may lead to some sort of behaviours
Research consistently shows the peak time for violent offending is (………….) and the peak location is in and around (…………..)
- Weekend nights
- Pubs and clubs
Does alcohol affect aggressive behaviour?
Yes
Approximately, (…..)% of violent offenders had been drinking alcohol before committing their crimes (Murdoch, Phil, & Ross, 1990)
a. 50%
b. 70%
c. 80%
d. 90%
c. 80%
Does alcohol cause aggressive behaviour?
No
Studies have only provided correlational results, not causal
Describe an experimental test (causal link study) of the alcohol-aggression link
1) Randomly allocate participants to 2 conditions and compare the delivery of unpleasant/aversive stimuli.
Group 1 = Alcohol condition
Group 2 = Non-alcohol condition (placebo)
2) Results = show a causal link between alcohol intake and aggression
In an experimental test investigating the link between alcohol and aggression, why do we include a placebo (non-alcohol group instead of giving Ps water)?
Providing a placebo instead of water allows for the control of:
1) Psychological effect = making people believe that they’re drinking alcohol so that Ps don’t behave in a certain way based on what they’re drinking
e.g. Ps who drink water may purposely act aggressively because they know what they study is measuring and are trying to manipulate the result
2) Pharmacological effect = making sure that half of the participants get ethanol and the other half don’t
In an experimental test investigating the link between alcohol and aggression, why do we include a placebo (non-alcohol group instead of giving Ps water)?
Providing a placebo instead of water allows for the control of:
1) Psychological effect = making people believe that they’re drinking alcohol so that Ps don’t behave in a certain way based on what they’re drinking
e.g. Ps who drink water may purposely act aggressively because they know what they study is measuring and are trying to manipulate the result
2) Pharmacological effect = making sure that half of the participants get ethanol and the other half don’t
The alcohol-aggression link is highest for people who show (high/low) levels of:
- dispositional aggressivity
- irritability
- hostile rumination style
High levels
The alcohol-aggression link is highest for people who show (high/low) levels of:
- anger control
- self-control, empathy
- executive cognitive functioning (people who find it difficult to self-reflect and think about the consequences of their actions)
Low levels
Why does being grounded in the moment feel pleasant and reduce aggression?
Because it stops the rumination of past negative experiences or worries about the future
What happens when you consume alcohol (ethanol)?
Experience alcohol myopia (a narrowing of cognitive or intellectual focus)
What is alcohol myopia?
When you consume alcohol, your cognitive or intellectual focus tends to narrow/get blurry
What are the effects of alcohol myopia? Name 4 effects
1) Decreases self-regulation
2) Reduces anticipatory regret
3) Increases reactivity
4) Sensitive to the immediate environmental cues
A decrease in self-regulation is an effect of alcohol myopia. What does a decrease in self-regulation mean?
When one’s ability to control their emotions is limited after alcohol consumption compared to when they were sober
A reduction in anticipatory regret is an effect of alcohol myopia. What does a reduction in anticipatory regret mean?
People are less likely to think about the consequences of their own actions when they’re infused with alcohol
People are less likely to think about the consequences of their own actions when they’re infused with alcohol
This is known as…?
A reduction in anticipatory regret
When one’s ability to control their emotions is limited after alcohol consumption compared to when they were sober
This is known as…?
A decrease in self-regulation
What does alcohol myopia prevent?
A comprehensive appraisal of situational cues.
Simply = The ability to clearly understand situational cues and control your actions
Intoxicated ppl are more likely to (……….) what someone is saying or to respond aggressively to provocation
a. misinterpret
b. understand
c. sing
d. repeat
a. misinterpret
Who proposed the study on the effects of misogynistic music on behaviour?
Fischer & Greitemeyer
Describe Fischer & Greitemeyer’s study investigating the effects of misogynistic music on behaviour
1) Male and female participants were recruited
2) In study 1, participants were randomly allocated into 2 groups
Group 1 = Listened to a misogynistic, aggressive song (Eminen’s Superman)
Group 2 = Listened to a neutral song of the same genre/style (Bon Jovis’ It’s My Life)
3) Ps were asked to rate the song they heard on various dimensions
4) Next, a confederate (fake participant) entered the room. Half the time confederate was male, half the time female
5) Confederate explained that they liked sweet but not hot chilli and then left the room
6) Ps were told to create a sample of sauce for the other confederate and that they could choose whether to add either sweet or hot chilli sauce and that they could choose the amount of sauce
Describe the results of Fischer & Greitemeyer’s study investigating the effects of misogynistic music on behaviour
Men were more likely to act aggressively if:
(1) the confederate was female
(2) they were exposed to the misogynistic songs
Males who heard the misogynistic song added 10.43 grams more hot chilli sauce to female participants’ drinks than to males
What were the problems with Fischer & Greitemeyer’s study investigating the effects of misogynistic music on behaviour?
1) Tells us nothing about long-term exposure (Ps only listened to the song once for 3 mins and immediately had to participate in an unusual task)
2) Styles of song are quite different; differ in rhythm, beat, pitch, and artist.
So, how do we know it’s the lyrics and not some other aspect of the song that causes the aggression?
3) Eminem and Bon Jovi are both well-known and might it be perceptions of the artists that drove the effect
What does the heat hypothesis suggest about aggression?
Aggression and heat positively correlated
Aggression and heat positively correlated
What theory claims this?
Heat hypothesis
What are the 2 paradigms to test the heat hypothesis under naturalistic conditions?
1) Geographic regions approach
2) Time periods approach
Which naturalistic approach (based on the heat hypothesis testing on aggression) involves comparing violent crime rates in hotter vs. cooler regions?
Geographic regions approach
Describe the geographic regions approach in the heat hypothesis testing
Involves comparing violent crime rates in hotter vs. cooler regions
How does the geographic regions approach support the heat hypothesis?
There is a correlational link between hotter climates and higher violence rates
The study found that Northern US, with a lower temperature on average, have a lower crime rate compared to Southern US where it is hotter
The geographical regions approach found that Northern US, with a lower temperature on average, have a lower crime rate compared to Southern US where it is hotter
This may not be reliable because…?
The study did not consider other confounding factors such as culture, socio-economic status, poverty, drinking culture, etc
Which naturalistic approach (based on the heat hypothesis testing on aggression) involves comparing violence rates in the same region during cooler and hotter periods?
Time Periods Approach
Describe the time periods approach in the heat hypothesis testing
Involves comparing violence rates in the same region during cooler and hotter periods
How does the time periods approach support the heat hypothesis?
Violent crime rates were higher in the summer period than during the winter period
About 2.6% more murders in the summer than in the winter
Violent crime rates were higher in hotter compared to cooler summers
Violent crime rates were higher in hotter compared to cooler summers
This is because about 2.6% more murders in the summer than in the winter
This may not be reliable because…?
It does not consider that people may change their behaviour during the winter as compared to the summer
In winter, people may stay indoors more and therefore show less aggressive behaviour outside in public as compared to the summer time when people are more likely to go out (have more opportunity for aggression)
What is the impact of global warming on crime?
Continuous rise in global temperature presents a risk factor for the rise of violent crime
Who made a prediction that an increase in temperature by 1.1 degrees celsius increases the murder and assault rate by 9 cases per 100,000 citizens?
Anderson
According to Anderson’s prediction, an increase in temperature by 1.1 degrees celsius increases the murder and assault rate by …?
a. 8 cases per 100,000 citizens
b. 7 cases per 200,000 citizens
c. 9 cases per 200,000 citizens
d. 9 cases per 100,000 citizens
d. 9 cases per 100,000 citizens
(24,000 additional murders per year in US)
Who predicted that a 5 Celsius increase by 2050 would result in 120,000 additional murders per year in the US?
Rowlands et al
Rowlands et al predicted that a 5 Celsius increase by 2050 would result in (……..) additional murders per year in the US
a. 100,000
b. 120,000
c. 130,000
d. 140,000
b. 120,000
