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SEM 1 Intro to Social Psych > Cross Cultural Psychology > Flashcards

Cross Cultural Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Culture?

A

1) The set of cognitions and practices that characterise a specific social group and distinguish it from others.

2) A set of meanings, not genetically transferred between individuals, shared within a population and enduring for generations.

3) Culture is the expression of group norms at the national, racial and ethnic levels.

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2
Q

Cultural and psychological processes have a (…….) relationship

A

Reciprocal

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3
Q

Who proposed the self-discrepancy theory?

A

Higgins

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4
Q

What are the 3 types of self-based on the self-discrepancy theory?

A

1) Ideal self
2) Actual self
3) Ought self

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5
Q

According to the self-discrepancy theory, which self is most influenced by culture (i.e. cultural values, beliefs and norms)?

A

Ought self

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6
Q

According to the self-discrepancy theory, the actual self is most influenced by culture (i.e. cultural values, beliefs and norms).

Is this true or false?

A

False
Ought self is most influenced by culture

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7
Q

What were the 3 problems associated with previous psychological studies in terms of the inclusion of different cultures?

A

1) Most psychologists in the past were middle-class white male Americans

2) Psychologists tended to ignore culture in their research

3) Laboratory experiments were the preferred method and psychologists controlled for culture

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8
Q

What are the 3 main questions of cultural psychology?

A

1) Are Western psychological theories valid in other cultures?

2) Are there psychological constructs that are culture-specific?

3) How can we evolve psychology with universal relevance?

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9
Q

What is East meets West in simple terms?

A

European American (Western) vs. East Asian (Eastern)

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10
Q

Which culture is more individualist?

a. Western
b. Eastern

A

a. Western

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11
Q

Which culture is more collectivist?

a. Eastern
b. Western

A

a. Eastern

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12
Q

Which culture emphasises more on personal achievement?

a. Eastern
b. Western

A

b. Western

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13
Q

Which culture encourages people to focus on themselves, regardless of the expense of their group goals?

a. Western
b. Eastern

A

a. Western

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14
Q

Which culture emphasises more on family and loyalty over personal gains?

a. Western
b. Eastern

A

b. Eastern

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15
Q

Which culture emphasises more on working towards group goals rather than individual goals?

a. Eastern
b. Western

A

a. Eastern

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16
Q

“Be yourself!”
“Stand out in a crowd”

Is this…?
a. Eastern culture
b. Western culture

A

b. Western culture

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17
Q

“The peg that stands out is pounded down”

Is this…?
a. Eastern culture
b. Western culture

A

a. Eastern culture

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18
Q

Do individualistic cultures follow the…?

a. Interdependent-flexible self
b. Independent-autonomous self

A

b. Independent-autonomous self

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19
Q

A self that follows clear boundaries between self and others

Thoughts feelings and attributes are less affected by social context

Behaviour determined by internal characteristics

Is this…?
a. Interdependent-flexible self
b. Independent-autonomous self

A

b. Independent-autonomous self

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20
Q

Do collectivist cultures follow the…?

a. Independent-autonomous self
b. Interdependent-flexible self

A

b. Interdependent-flexible self

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21
Q

Define an independent-autonomous self

A
  • A self that follows clear boundaries between self and others
  • Thoughts feelings and attributes are less affected by social context
  • Behaviour determined by internal characteristics
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22
Q

Define an interdependent-flexible self

A
  • The self that follows diffuse boundaries between the self and others
  • Tied into relationships and much more responsive to social context
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23
Q

The self that follows diffuse boundaries between the self and others

Tied into relationships and much more responsive to social context

Is this…?
a. Interdependent-flexible self
b. Independent-autonomous self

A

a. Interdependent-flexible self

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24
Q

Which self is more cooperative?

a. Interdependent-flexible self
b. Independent-autonomous self

A

a. Interdependent-flexible self

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25
Q

Which self is more competitive?

a. Interdependent-flexible self
b. Independent-autonomous self

A

b. Independent-autonomous self

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26
Q

Define attribution bias

A

A bias where we often attribute success to ourselves and attribute the success of others to their environment

Simply = If we succeed in something, we give credit to ourselves but if someone else succeeds, we say it’s because of their environment or “they got lucky”

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27
Q

A bias where we often attribute success to ourselves and attribute the success of others to their environment

This is known as…?

A

Attribution bias

28
Q

Attribution bias is not present in…?

a. Individualist cultures
b. Collectivist cultures

A

b. Collectivist cultures

29
Q

Describe Zhang and Hunt’s study on the effects of individualistic/collectivist cultures on stereotyping behaviour

A

1) 66 US participants and 69 Chinese participants were asked to write a story about a gay man’s day-in-a-life

2) There were 2 groups:

Group 1 = Suppress stereotype (group who were told to not use stereotypical language)

Group 2 = Control group (group who were free to write whatever they wanted)

3) Results:
Chinese participants were more able to suppress attitudes

US participants had a stereotype rebound (increased stereotype)

30
Q

When instructed to suppress stereotypes/bias, one shows an increased/stronger stereotype subsequently

This is known as…?

A

Stereotype rebound

31
Q

Describe Stereotype rebound

A

When instructed to suppress stereotypes/bias, one shows an increased/stronger stereotype subsequently

32
Q

Describe what Zhang and Hunt’s study results suggest on the effects of individualistic/collectivist cultures on stereotyping behaviour

A

US participants (individualists)
- Suppressed when instructed but did not suppress when given the freedom to express
- Suggest they focus more on their individual views rather than maintaining social harmony

Chinese participants (collectivists)
- Suppressed when instructed and when given the freedom to express
- Suggest they focus more on maintaining social harmony by attempting to not offend anyone

33
Q

According to Lehman et al. (2004), thought processes differ between East Asians and Americans

Who is more holistic and relationship-oriented?
a. East Asian
b. West Americans

A

a. East Asian

34
Q

According to Lehman et al. (2004), thought processes differ between East Asians and Americans

Who is more analytical and linear?
a. East Asian
b. West Americans

A

b. West Americans

35
Q

Which culture is more likely to conform?

a. Western
b. Eastern

A

b. Eastern

36
Q

Who sent out a questionnaire to 117,000 managers in 40 countries asking about the 5 dimensions of work-related values?

A

Hofstede

37
Q

What were the 5 dimensions (using factor analysis) in Hofstede’s questionnaire

A
  • Power distance
  • Uncertainty avoidance
  • Masculinity-femininity
  • Individualism-Collectivism
  • Time perspective
38
Q

Who proposed the three groupings of nations in terms of values?

A

Fiske, Kitayama, Marcus & Nisbett

39
Q

What are the three groupings of nations in terms of values?

A

1) Western European nations are individualistic and egalitarian

2) Eastern European Nations are individualistic and hierarchical

3) Asian nations are collectivist and hierarchical

40
Q

What does egalitarian mean?

A

Valuing equal rights for all; everyone has an opportunity to express themselves

41
Q

What does hierarchical mean?

A

Observing and following those who are in power/above you who are thought to be more experienced and knowledgeable than you

42
Q

Which culture is described to be egalitarian?

a. Western European Nations
b. Eastern European Nations
c. Asian nations

A

a. Western European Nations

43
Q

Which cultures are described to be hierarchical? There are 2

a. Western European Nations
b. Eastern European Nations
c. Asian nations

A

b. Eastern European Nations
c. Asian nations

44
Q

Which culture is described to be individualistic and egalitarian?

a. Western European Nations
b. Eastern European Nations
c. Asian nations

A

a. Western European Nations

45
Q

Which culture is described to be individualistic and hierarchical?

a. Western European Nations
b. Eastern European Nations
c. Asian nations

A

b. Eastern European Nations

46
Q

Which culture is described to be collectivist and hierarchical?

a. Western European Nations
b. Eastern European Nations
c. Asian nations

A

c. Asian nations

47
Q

Which culture is described to encourage people to work towards personal goals and value equal rights for all?

a. Western European Nations
b. Eastern European Nations
c. Asian nations

A

a. Western European Nations

48
Q

Which culture is described as encouraging people to work towards personal goals but also referring to those above them who are more experienced/knowledgeable than them?

a. Western European Nations
b. Eastern European Nations
c. Asian nations

A

b. Eastern European Nations

49
Q

Which culture is described as encouraging people to work towards group goals and referring to those above them who are more experienced/knowledgeable than them?

a. Western European Nations
b. Eastern European Nations
c. Asian nations

A

c. Asian nations

50
Q

What happens when different cultures briefly make contact?

A

Tends to enhance stereotypes and prejudices

51
Q

What are the factors that lead to negative outcomes when cultures come in contact? List 6 factors.

A
  • Language difference
  • Pre-existing prejudice
  • Ethnocentrism
  • Intergroup anxiety
  • History of intergroup conflict
  • If a culture is viewed to be very dissimilar
52
Q

How do we reduce negative outcomes induced when cultures come in contact?

A

Cooperation

53
Q

What term is used to describe this?

The process of internalizing the rules and behaviours of another culture

Simply = A person might adapt/borrow traits from another culture

A

Acculturation

54
Q

Define Acculturation

A

The process of internalizing the rules and behaviours of another culture

Simply = A person might adapt/borrow traits from another culture

55
Q

According to Acculturation, when we have a low home culture but high dominant culture, do we experience…?

a. Marginalization
b. Assimilation
c. Separation
d. Integration

A

b. Assimilation

56
Q

What is Assimilation?

A

When we have a low home culture but a high dominant culture

Simply = We lose contact with our home culture and thus, focus on the new culture in the place we currently live in

57
Q

According to Acculturation, when we have a low home culture and low dominant culture, do we experience…?

a. Marginalization
b. Assimilation
c. Separation
d. Integration

A

a. Marginalization

58
Q

What is Marginalization?

A

When we have a low home culture and low dominant culture

Simply = When we don’t affiliate with our home culture or the new culture in the place we currently live in

59
Q

According to Acculturation, when we have a high home culture and high dominant culture, do we experience…?

a. Marginalization
b. Assimilation
c. Separation
d. Integration

A

d. Integration

60
Q

What is integration?

A

When we have a high home culture and high dominant culture

Simply = Multiculturalism; when we affiliate strongly with our home culture and with the new culture in the place we currently live in

61
Q

According to Acculturation, when we have a high home culture but a low dominant culture, do we experience…?

a. Marginalization
b. Assimilation
c. Separation
d. Integration

A

c. Separation

62
Q

What is Separation?

A

When we have a high home culture but a low dominant culture

Simply = When we affiliate strongly with our home culture but not so much with the new culture in the place we currently live in

63
Q

Who proposed Acculturation?

A

Berry et al.

64
Q

“A psychology created by and for a specific cultural group based on the claim that culture can only be understood from withinitsown perspective”

What type of psychology is this?

A

Indigenous Psychology

65
Q

Why did cultural psychology arise?

A

To help us understand that our “universal” principles of social psychology are not at all “universal”

SEM 1 Intro to Social Psych (9 decks)

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