Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

SEM 1 Intro to Social Psych > Cross Cultural Psychology > Flashcards

Cross Cultural Psychology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

What is Culture?

A

1) The set of cognitions and practices that characterise a specific social group and distinguish it from others.

2) A set of meanings, not genetically transferred between individuals, shared within a population and enduring for generations.

3) Culture is the expression of group norms at the national, racial and ethnic levels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cultural and psychological processes have a (…….) relationship

A

Reciprocal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Who proposed the self-discrepancy theory?

A

Higgins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 3 types of self-based on the self-discrepancy theory?

A

1) Ideal self
2) Actual self
3) Ought self

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

According to the self-discrepancy theory, which self is most influenced by culture (i.e. cultural values, beliefs and norms)?

A

Ought self

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

According to the self-discrepancy theory, the actual self is most influenced by culture (i.e. cultural values, beliefs and norms).

Is this true or false?

A

False
Ought self is most influenced by culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What were the 3 problems associated with previous psychological studies in terms of the inclusion of different cultures?

A

1) Most psychologists in the past were middle-class white male Americans

2) Psychologists tended to ignore culture in their research

3) Laboratory experiments were the preferred method and psychologists controlled for culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the 3 main questions of cultural psychology?

A

1) Are Western psychological theories valid in other cultures?

2) Are there psychological constructs that are culture-specific?

3) How can we evolve psychology with universal relevance?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is East meets West in simple terms?

A

European American (Western) vs. East Asian (Eastern)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which culture is more individualist?

a. Western
b. Eastern

A

a. Western

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which culture is more collectivist?

a. Eastern
b. Western

A

a. Eastern

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which culture emphasises more on personal achievement?

a. Eastern
b. Western

A

b. Western

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which culture encourages people to focus on themselves, regardless of the expense of their group goals?

a. Western
b. Eastern

A

a. Western

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which culture emphasises more on family and loyalty over personal gains?

a. Western
b. Eastern

A

b. Eastern

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which culture emphasises more on working towards group goals rather than individual goals?

a. Eastern
b. Western

A

a. Eastern

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

“Be yourself!”
“Stand out in a crowd”

Is this…?
a. Eastern culture
b. Western culture

A

b. Western culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

“The peg that stands out is pounded down”

Is this…?
a. Eastern culture
b. Western culture

A

a. Eastern culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Do individualistic cultures follow the…?

a. Interdependent-flexible self
b. Independent-autonomous self

A

b. Independent-autonomous self

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

A self that follows clear boundaries between self and others

Thoughts feelings and attributes are less affected by social context

Behaviour determined by internal characteristics

Is this…?
a. Interdependent-flexible self
b. Independent-autonomous self

A

b. Independent-autonomous self

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Do collectivist cultures follow the…?

a. Independent-autonomous self
b. Interdependent-flexible self

A

b. Interdependent-flexible self

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Define an independent-autonomous self

A
  • A self that follows clear boundaries between self and others
  • Thoughts feelings and attributes are less affected by social context
  • Behaviour determined by internal characteristics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Define an interdependent-flexible self

A
  • The self that follows diffuse boundaries between the self and others
  • Tied into relationships and much more responsive to social context
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The self that follows diffuse boundaries between the self and others

Tied into relationships and much more responsive to social context

Is this…?
a. Interdependent-flexible self
b. Independent-autonomous self

A

a. Interdependent-flexible self

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which self is more cooperative?

a. Interdependent-flexible self
b. Independent-autonomous self

A

a. Interdependent-flexible self

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Which self is more competitive?

a. Interdependent-flexible self
b. Independent-autonomous self

A

b. Independent-autonomous self

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Define attribution bias

A

A bias where we often attribute success to ourselves and attribute the success of others to their environment

Simply = If we succeed in something, we give credit to ourselves but if someone else succeeds, we say it’s because of their environment or “they got lucky”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

A bias where we often attribute success to ourselves and attribute the success of others to their environment

This is known as…?

A

Attribution bias

28
Q

Attribution bias is not present in…?

a. Individualist cultures
b. Collectivist cultures

A

b. Collectivist cultures

29
Q

Describe Zhang and Hunt’s study on the effects of individualistic/collectivist cultures on stereotyping behaviour

A

1) 66 US participants and 69 Chinese participants were asked to write a story about a gay man’s day-in-a-life

2) There were 2 groups:

Group 1 = Suppress stereotype (group who were told to not use stereotypical language)

Group 2 = Control group (group who were free to write whatever they wanted)

3) Results:
Chinese participants were more able to suppress attitudes

US participants had a stereotype rebound (increased stereotype)

30
Q

When instructed to suppress stereotypes/bias, one shows an increased/stronger stereotype subsequently

This is known as…?

A

Stereotype rebound

31
Q

Describe Stereotype rebound

A

When instructed to suppress stereotypes/bias, one shows an increased/stronger stereotype subsequently

32
Q

Describe what Zhang and Hunt’s study results suggest on the effects of individualistic/collectivist cultures on stereotyping behaviour

A

US participants (individualists)
- Suppressed when instructed but did not suppress when given the freedom to express
- Suggest they focus more on their individual views rather than maintaining social harmony

Chinese participants (collectivists)
- Suppressed when instructed and when given the freedom to express
- Suggest they focus more on maintaining social harmony by attempting to not offend anyone

33
Q

According to Lehman et al. (2004), thought processes differ between East Asians and Americans

Who is more holistic and relationship-oriented?
a. East Asian
b. West Americans

A

a. East Asian

34
Q

According to Lehman et al. (2004), thought processes differ between East Asians and Americans

Who is more analytical and linear?
a. East Asian
b. West Americans

A

b. West Americans

35
Q

Which culture is more likely to conform?

a. Western
b. Eastern

A

b. Eastern

36
Q

Who sent out a questionnaire to 117,000 managers in 40 countries asking about the 5 dimensions of work-related values?

A

Hofstede

37
Q

What were the 5 dimensions (using factor analysis) in Hofstede’s questionnaire

A
  • Power distance
  • Uncertainty avoidance
  • Masculinity-femininity
  • Individualism-Collectivism
  • Time perspective
38
Q

Who proposed the three groupings of nations in terms of values?

A

Fiske, Kitayama, Marcus & Nisbett

39
Q

What are the three groupings of nations in terms of values?

A

1) Western European nations are individualistic and egalitarian

2) Eastern European Nations are individualistic and hierarchical

3) Asian nations are collectivist and hierarchical

40
Q

What does egalitarian mean?

A

Valuing equal rights for all; everyone has an opportunity to express themselves

41
Q

What does hierarchical mean?

A

Observing and following those who are in power/above you who are thought to be more experienced and knowledgeable than you

42
Q

Which culture is described to be egalitarian?

a. Western European Nations
b. Eastern European Nations
c. Asian nations

A

a. Western European Nations

43
Q

Which cultures are described to be hierarchical? There are 2

a. Western European Nations
b. Eastern European Nations
c. Asian nations

A

b. Eastern European Nations
c. Asian nations

44
Q

Which culture is described to be individualistic and egalitarian?

a. Western European Nations
b. Eastern European Nations
c. Asian nations

A

a. Western European Nations

45
Q

Which culture is described to be individualistic and hierarchical?

a. Western European Nations
b. Eastern European Nations
c. Asian nations

A

b. Eastern European Nations

46
Q

Which culture is described to be collectivist and hierarchical?

a. Western European Nations
b. Eastern European Nations
c. Asian nations

A

c. Asian nations

47
Q

Which culture is described to encourage people to work towards personal goals and value equal rights for all?

a. Western European Nations
b. Eastern European Nations
c. Asian nations

A

a. Western European Nations

48
Q

Which culture is described as encouraging people to work towards personal goals but also referring to those above them who are more experienced/knowledgeable than them?

a. Western European Nations
b. Eastern European Nations
c. Asian nations

A

b. Eastern European Nations

49
Q

Which culture is described as encouraging people to work towards group goals and referring to those above them who are more experienced/knowledgeable than them?

a. Western European Nations
b. Eastern European Nations
c. Asian nations

A

c. Asian nations

50
Q

What happens when different cultures briefly make contact?

A

Tends to enhance stereotypes and prejudices

51
Q

What are the factors that lead to negative outcomes when cultures come in contact? List 6 factors.

A
  • Language difference
  • Pre-existing prejudice
  • Ethnocentrism
  • Intergroup anxiety
  • History of intergroup conflict
  • If a culture is viewed to be very dissimilar
52
Q

How do we reduce negative outcomes induced when cultures come in contact?

A

Cooperation

53
Q

What term is used to describe this?

The process of internalizing the rules and behaviours of another culture

Simply = A person might adapt/borrow traits from another culture

A

Acculturation

54
Q

Define Acculturation

A

The process of internalizing the rules and behaviours of another culture

Simply = A person might adapt/borrow traits from another culture

55
Q

According to Acculturation, when we have a low home culture but high dominant culture, do we experience…?

a. Marginalization
b. Assimilation
c. Separation
d. Integration

A

b. Assimilation

56
Q

What is Assimilation?

A

When we have a low home culture but a high dominant culture

Simply = We lose contact with our home culture and thus, focus on the new culture in the place we currently live in

57
Q

According to Acculturation, when we have a low home culture and low dominant culture, do we experience…?

a. Marginalization
b. Assimilation
c. Separation
d. Integration

A

a. Marginalization

58
Q

What is Marginalization?

A

When we have a low home culture and low dominant culture

Simply = When we don’t affiliate with our home culture or the new culture in the place we currently live in

59
Q

According to Acculturation, when we have a high home culture and high dominant culture, do we experience…?

a. Marginalization
b. Assimilation
c. Separation
d. Integration

A

d. Integration

60
Q

What is integration?

A

When we have a high home culture and high dominant culture

Simply = Multiculturalism; when we affiliate strongly with our home culture and with the new culture in the place we currently live in

61
Q

According to Acculturation, when we have a high home culture but a low dominant culture, do we experience…?

a. Marginalization
b. Assimilation
c. Separation
d. Integration

A

c. Separation

62
Q

What is Separation?

A

When we have a high home culture but a low dominant culture

Simply = When we affiliate strongly with our home culture but not so much with the new culture in the place we currently live in

63
Q

Who proposed Acculturation?

A

Berry et al.

64
Q

“A psychology created by and for a specific cultural group based on the claim that culture can only be understood from withinitsown perspective”

What type of psychology is this?

A

Indigenous Psychology

65
Q

Why did cultural psychology arise?

A

To help us understand that our “universal” principles of social psychology are not at all “universal”

SEM 1 Intro to Social Psych (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions