Pregnant Mare Flashcards

1
Q

What is the fertilized embryo’s transport thru the oviduct to the uterus dependent on?

A

It’s own production of PGE2

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2
Q

What is the extra structure {before it hatches from the zona pellucida} b/t the outer layer of the embryo {trophoectoderm} & the ZP?

A

Embryo capsule

  • forms soon after embryo reaches uterus
  • preserves structural integrity for uterine migration
  • disappears after day 23

idea is that the ruminant embryo hatches from the ZP & quickly lengthens…

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3
Q

When a mare displays the most intense estrus, what are her likely P4 & E2 levels {relative to each other}?

A

E2 high

P<b>4</b> low…

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4
Q

T or F:

Mares have a really cool & unique utero-ovarian countercurrent exchange
system for PGF-2alpha.

A

FALSE

cow, ewe, & sow do

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5
Q

What phase of the estrous cycle of the mare will the uterus appear edematous on ultrasound yielding an “orange
slice” or “wagon wheel” appearance?

A

Estrus

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6
Q

What are endometrial cups?

A

Fetal chorionic girdle cells that migrate out of the fetal domain,
into the maternal endometrium {uterus}

  • detectable ~day 35
  • produce eCG which peaks ~day 60 & disappears ~day 100-150
  • provoke vigorous immune response
    • lymphocytes reject the cells & cups are physically expelled from endometrium into uterine lumen → there they invent the placenta & end up on the inside of the allantois hanging as little “pouches”
  • Last variable amt of time; death mediated by immune response
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7
Q

Relaxin is produced by the placenta in ______, whereas it’s produced by CL in ____.

A

Mares;
cows

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8
Q

What’s the difference b/t mares & cows with respect to the amnion & allantois?

A

Horse: amnion is unattached to allantois {free-moving}

cow: there is an attachment {restricts movement}

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9
Q

We can identify eCG in the lab to diagnose pregnancy from day 40-120. Why would we get false positives? False negatives?

A

Pregnancy lost but cups remain active;

some horses make little or stop soon {don’t go the full 100 days making eCG}

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10
Q

On a farm call, your client explains his concern for his late-pregnant mare who is starting to “bag up” & starting to lactate, but she’s not due for another couple months. Otherwise, she seems totally fine. What should you be suspicious of?

A

Placentitis
{*MC: ascending via cervix}
- OR -
{hematogenous via MRLS - eastern tent caterpillar:
make granulomas in GIT → bacteremia → placenta}

Fetus becomes sufficiently stressed that it triggers the pathways for parturition

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11
Q

What is CTUP & what are the normal parameters?

A

Combined Thickness of Uterus & Placenta

used to diagnose placentitis:
thickness of wall in mm, should be < pregnancy in months

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12
Q

What is Nocardioform placentitis?

A

refers to a group of G+, filamentous, branching bacT found in soil

  • causes sporadic abortion
  • hematogenously spread
    • site of infection: uterine body or base of horn {not at the cervix}
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13
Q

What are the 2 antimicrobials of choice for treating placentitis?

A
  1. Potentiated sulfonamides {gold standard; TMS}
  2. Ceftiofur
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14
Q

What progestin is used to treat placentitis, that also suppress/synchronize estrus in mares {& sows}?

A

Altrenogest

  • *0.088mg/kg**
  • this is 2x the label dose*
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15
Q

How do we induce abortion w/PGF2a in horses?

A

If you’re early, it works quite well…
but past 3-4 months, you have to give it repeatedly,
may take 5-6 days before abortion happens

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16
Q

Thickened placenta, prolonged gestation, low relaxin concentrations, & no udder development {DA receptor agonists} suggest what pathology?

A
  • Acremonium*-contaminated fescue grass
  • *Fescue Toxicosis**

Tx w.DA-antagonists:

  • Sulpiride
  • Domperidone
    • 1.1mg/kg PO SID, beginning 15d pre-parturition
17
Q

How is uterine torsion different in the horse from the cow?

A

cow: happens in 1st stage of parturition, presents as cause of dystocia

horse: mid-late pregnancy, as a cause of colic, rather than dystocia…

18
Q

What’s the length of gestation?

A

340 days
{avg.335-342d}

19
Q

Inactivated vaccines are generally regarded as safe for pregnant mares. What are the modified live vaccines w.established safety?

A
  • EHV-1
  • WNV
  • intranasal strangles
  • intranasal influenza
20
Q

T or F:
pH decreases {to ~6.6} & High calcium secretion in the udder are good indicators of impending parturition.

A

true

21
Q

In the third stage of normal parturition, fetal membranes are expelled. If the placenta is not out within what time frame, is it considered retained?

A

3 hrs

22
Q

What is this?

A

Amnion!

23
Q

What’s this?

A

Allantoic adenomatous hyperplasia

24
Q

As a postpartum precaution, how long before expected foaling should we booster mares with tetanus?

A

4-6 weeks prior to expected foaling

25
Q

A foal showing signs of prematurity, but greater than 320 days gestation {<320days would be considered premature}, would be an example of?

A

immature foal!

26
Q

T or F:
“Red bag” in the mare is an emergency; hypoxia foal often caused by Fescue toxicosis.

A

true

27
Q

Which herpesviruses can cause abortion in the mare?

A

EHV-1
&
EHV-4

28
Q

How can Equine Viral Arteritis be transmitted?

A
  • aerosol
  • aborted fetus/placenta
  • venereally
29
Q

Equine Viral Arteritis localizes where in the stallion?

A
  • Ampulla
  • bulbourethral