pregnancy pathophys

Question 1

What are some common causes of spontaneous abortion

Answer 1

Genetic alterations**
Maternal abnormalities
placental abruption
premature rupture

Question 2

What is the most common cause of septic abortion

Answer 2

vaginal bacteria
-strep
-staph
-enterobacteria

Question 3

What does the endoderm lead to

Answer 3

respiratory tract
GI tract
Visceral organs

Question 4

When does the yolk sac develop

Answer 4

2nd week

Question 5

What is the initial type of cells that will become the placenta

Answer 5

Syncytiotrophoblast

*help produce HCG

Question 6

How much blood is within the placenta by the last week during pregnancy

Answer 6

625mL exchanged every minute

Question 7

What is the job of the placenta in the second trimester

Answer 7

takes over the job of the corpus luteum and secretes the estrogen and progesterone

Question 8

Placental abruption

Answer 8

separation of the placenta from the endo uterine lining

Question 9

What is placenta previa

Answer 9

placenta develops on top of the cervix

Question 10

What increases the risk of PID and ectopic pregnancy

Answer 10

smoking

Question 11

What are ectopic pregnancies associated with

Answer 11

inflammatory or scar developing state

*m/c in fallopian tube

Question 12

What is the leading cause of death for women in the first trimester of their pregnancy

Answer 12

ectopic pregnancy

Question 13

Why may a woman die from an ectopic pregnancy

Answer 13

the fallopian tube ruptures and the patient exsanguinates

Question 14

What is the presentation of an ectopic pregnancy

Answer 14

POOP 6-8 weeks after LMP
pain along lower quadrants
vaginal bleeding
maybe in shock
syncope

Question 15

What are the risks for cord prolapse

Answer 15

Multiples
premature delivery
uterine malformations
low placenta
prolonged labor
long cord
abnormal fetal presentation

Question 16

When should the spiral arteries in the placenta enlarge and what occurs if they dont

Answer 16

18-20weeks

If they remain narrow = placental hypo perfusion

Question 17

What causes increased BP with preeclampsia

Answer 17

H2O and Na+ retention

*leads to proteinuria

Question 18

What is occurring in eclampsia

Answer 18

Diffuse vasospasm as a result of placental ischemia and leading to seizures

Question 19

Close to delivery, what is responsible for breaking the membranes down in the uterus

Answer 19

matrix metalloproteases

Question 20

What is a common cause of a premature rupture of membranes

Answer 20

Genital tract infections causing inflammation and weakening

Question 21

What are the risk factors for prematures membrane rupture

Answer 21

Trauma
genetic predisposition
inflammatory issues
cigarette smoking

Question 22

What does PROM lead to

Answer 22

oligohydramnios

Question 23

How much pressure is elicited on the fetus during each contraction

Answer 23

25lbs

Question 24

When do membranes typically rupture

Answer 24

once the cervix is fully dilated

Question 25

What can RH incompatibility lead to during pregnancy

Answer 25

Fetal hemolytic anemia
hydrops fetalis
Fetal demise

Question 26

What is virchows triad

Answer 26

endothelial injury
stasis
hypercoagulability

Question 27

When do amniotic embolisms typically occur

Answer 27

During labor or immediately post partum

Question 28

When is cardiomyopathy seen in pregnancy

Answer 28

in the peripartum period
-third trimester
-after delivery

Question 29

What are the risk factors for peripartum cardiomyopathy

Answer 29

advanced maternal age
multiple gestation
hypertension
African descent
cocaine

Question 30

What is the vaso vasorum

Answer 30

Vessels that feed the layers of the larger vessels

Question 31

What are aortic dissections most commonly associated with

Answer 31

HTN
Smoking
advanced age
hyperlipidemia

Question 32

When are you at the highest risk for intracerebral hemorrhage during pregnancy

Answer 32

third trimester

Question 33

What is intracerebral hemorrhage typically associated with in pregnancy

Answer 33

preeclampsia / eclampsia