Pregnancy, Infancy, Childhood Flashcards
WHat is the acronym for DoHad
Developmental Origins of Health and Disease
Describe mismatch pathway
If the fetal environment is different from post-natal environment, it will be hard for the infant to adapt to this post-natal environment. Hence, there is a mismatch in the mother’s womb and the post-natal environment
DEfine maternal mortality
death of a woman due to pregnancy related causes during pregnancy or within 42 days after delivery
Define infant mortality
deaths in the first 28 days of life
Define post-natal death
Deaths later in the first year
Americans are more likely to develop Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. T or F
False. Asians have higher risk
Americans are more likely to develop Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. T or F
False. Asians have higher risk
What is GDM?
Hormones released from the placenta reduce the baility of insulin leading to raised blood glucose level
Who are at-risk of GDM?
Obese mothers, family history
Describe Gestational weight gain
Infant birth weights is related to their mother’s pre-pregnancy weight and to weight gain during pregnancy.
For obese mothers, infants have high risk of obesity, birth defects. Mothers may experience high blood pressure
For underweight mothers, likely to be premature and underweight.
What are recommended for obese mothers and underweight mothers?
Overweight mothers: Lose weight prior to pregnancy
Underweight : Gain weight prior to pregnancy or DURING pregnancy.
What are the weight gains of overweight and underweight mothers?
7-11 kg and for obese (5-9 kg)
Underweight: 12.5 to 18 kg
What is pregnancy-induced hypertension called?
Preeclampsia
What is preeclampsia?
pregnant-induced hypertension
What is the energy requirements during pregnancy?
20-25% increase in energy req but dependent on physcial activeness and weight status
Increase in vitamins requirement is much higher than energy requirement. T or F
True. 400% inc in Vit D but 8-10% inc in Vit B, 50% inc in Vit B6, 50% inc in folate.
Increase in vitamins requirement is much higher than energy requirement. T or F
True. 400% inc in Vit D but 8-10% inc in Vit B, 50% inc in Vit B6, 50% inc in folate.
Why is diet alone not sufficient?
Less appetit
Higher requirements
Lesser intake of vegetables, fish, etc
Which foods should pregnant women not consume?
Large amounts of Vit A Caffeine Alcohol Mercury in fish Pathogens in raw food Pesticides
What are some challenges during pregnancy?
Lack of compliance
Myth of eating for two people
Lack of awareness as no obvious signs of complications
What are benefits of lactation for the baby?
reduced risk of diseases
improves IQ
improves response to immunisation
What are the benefits of lactation for the mother?
Reduce risk of osteoporosis, breast cancer, ovarian cancer
improves ability to revert back to pre-pregnancy weight
What are the benefits of lactation for the mother?
Reduce risk of osteoporosis, breast cancer, ovarian cancer
improves ability to revert back to pre-pregnancy weight
What are the nutritional requirements of pregnant ladies?
Energy : 800 kcal (400 from diet, 400 from fat stores)
Water cuz major component of milk is water
Iron requirement not increased cuz milk does not contain a lot of iron
What are the 3 types of milk?
Early milk (4 days after delivery, rich in antibodies) Transitional milk (day 4-10, lower in protein) mature milk (produced approx 10 days after delivery)
What is special about human milk that separates it from animal milk?
High lactose and low protein
Define growth and development.
Growth - increase in size
Development - physical andpsychological maturation
Calorie requirement during infancy and toddler is not the highest. T or F
False. Requirement decreases per gram of body weight as they grow older.
Fats and Carbohydrate requirement
Full-fat under 2 years
