Micro-nutrients Flashcards
Where are fat-soluble vitamins stored
adipose tissue or liver
Where are fat-soluble vitamins absorbed?
small intestine
Where are water-soluble vitamins stored?
they are not stored
Where are water-soluble vitamins absorbed?
small intestine
What are fat-soluble vitamins?
DEKA
What are water-soluble vitamins?
B, C and choline
Are fat or water-soluble vit morelikely to accumulate?
Fat-soluble vitamins
Can cooking lead to losses in fat-soluble vitamin?
No. Cooking increases the avilabality of fat-soluble vit
What is the name of vitamin A that is commonly found in the body?
Retinoid
What is the flow of conversion of retionoid forms?
retinol -> retinal -> retinoic acid
what does retinoid exist as most of the time?
Cis or trans
One molecule of B-carotene can be converted to what?
retinal
What are pro-vitamin A?
Carotenoid
Carotenoid can be converted to what?
carotene, carotene and cryptoxanthin
What is the name of the test that allows you to determine how much Vitamin A you have?
Dark Adaptation test
What form of vitamin A helps you to see things more clearly in the dark?
RetinOl
What form of vitamin A helps to secrete mucus in the eyes?
retinoic acid
What is the disease called if u have dry eyes?
xerophthalmia
What are the functions of vitamin A?
Vision
Maintain cellular differentiation
Maintain integrity of the cell
Maintain cellular integrity of stomach and lungs
Prevents bacteria from moving from one place to another
Maintain healthy skin
Promote normal growth in children
What causes vit. A toxicity? Carotenoids or retinoids?
Retinoids
What are the sources of Vit. D?
Sunlight
Food - eggs, mushroom, fish and milk
What happens to vit. D in the body?
Sun -> vit D (skin) -> liver vit D 25(OH)D -> kidney -> activated form (1,25(OH)2D) where there’s 2 hydroxyl
What are the use of the activated form of vit D?
Stomach - increases the absorption of Ca
Bone -> releases Ca and P from the bones
Kidney -> Increases re-absorprion of Ca from urine
Who are at-risk of Vit D definiciency?
Anybody with low exposure to sunlight
Liver or kidney disease
What are the 2 diseases that can arise from Vit D deficiency?
Rickets (children)
Osteomalacia (adults)
What is osteomalacia?
Soft bones
How can you measure the risk of Vit D deficiency?
Concentration of 25(OH)D in the body.
Sufficient: 50 nM
Clinical deficiency ; <25nM
Rickets : <15 nM
What are the key organs needed to make active form?
Liver and kidney
What are the sources of Vit E?
Plant Sources - vegetable oil, almonds, peanuts, avocado
Animal sources - Poultry, Eggs, Fish
What is the function of Vit E in the body?
Anti-oxidant
Vit E donates an electron to free radicals -> Vit E gets oxidised in the process -> Vit E regenerated with the help of Vit C
Is Vit E deficiency rare in humans?
Yes
Who are at-risk of Vit E deficiency?
Fat malabsorption
Preterm infants
Is Vit E toxicity rare in humans?
Yes because it can be excreted in the bile
Vitamin E help prevent cancer and heart disease. True of False?
False
Vitamin E help slow progression of eye disease. True or false?
True
What are the sources of Vit K?
Plant - vegetable oil, leafy vegetables
Animal Sources - milk, liver
What are the functions of Vit K?
Blood clotting
Bone mineralization
Who are at-risk of Vit K deficiency?
Newborns
People who suffer from fat mal-absorprion
Is Vit K deficiency in adult rare?
Yes
Megadoses of Vit A and Vit E does not impede Vit K action. T or F
False
Vit D, E, A, K, thiamin have upper limits. True or false?
False. Only D, E and A have.
What are the sources of Vit K?
Phylloquinone (plant), Menoquinone (animal)
Vit E and K can be excreted in the bile. T or F?
True
What are two types of water-soluble vit?
B-complex and vit C
Describe Vit B
A group of 8 vitamins mainly thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, folate,
Which vitamins are used for energy metabolism?
Thiamin, Niacin and RIboflavin are mainly used for energy metabolism
What are the sources of Vit B?
whole grains
What is the function of thiamin?
In the form of thiamin pyrophosphate, it is needed for macronutrient metabolism
What is Beri-beri?
Beri-beri is the name for thiamin deficiency. There are two types of beri-beri. Dry and Wet beri beri. Symptoms of beri-beri can only be observed after 14 days of thiamin-free diet
What is cerebral beri beri
double vision (raven and son), impaired metnal health (joker)
What is dry beri-beri
neurological symptoms like weight loss, memory loss
What is wet beri-beri
cardiovascular disease, heart enlargement
Alcoholics cannot develop beri beri. True or false
False. Alcohol decreases absorption of thiamin
increases excretion
Alcoholics have poor diet
Too much riboflavin can result in what?
Yellow pee
What are the sources of riboflavin?
Milk, eggs, meat, green leafy vegetables
What are the functions of riboflavin?
act as cofactors for metabolism of macronutrients
folate metabolism
What are the deficiency in riboflavin called? Describe them
Glosstitis : enlarged tongue
Angular stomatitis: inflammation around the corner of mouth
What are the sources of Niacin?
Coffee
What are the functions of niacin?
metabolism of macronutrient
fatty acid synthesis
What is the deficiency in riboflavin called? Describe it. Brain, eyes, skin, stomach
Pellagra. Characterized by 4Ds: Dementia (brain), Death (Eyes), Dermatitis (Skin), Diarrhoea (stomach)
What is Casal’s necklace associated to?
Pellagra. Red patches that appear on the skin thats not exposed to sunlight
What are the sources of vitamin B6?
Plant: Carrots, spinach
Animal: Meat, Poultry, Fish
What are the 2 names of vitamin B6?
Pyridoxine (plants), pyridoxamine, pyridoxal (animals)
What are the functions of B6?
Synthesis of haem synthesis of neurotransmitters synthesis of non-essential amino acid metabolism of fatty acids utilization of glycogen in the body
What happens if you have Vit B6 deficiency?
anemia neuromuscular problems co-exists with other deficiencies like Riboflavin def - angular stomatitis Niacin deficiency - dermatitis
What happens if you have B6 excess?
walking difficulties and hand/foot numbness
What are folate sources?
Leafy vegetables, liver
Synthetic - supplements
What are the functions of folate?
Participates in one-carbon transfer
- > synthesis of nucleotide
- > conversion of amino acids
- > conversion of homocysteine to methionine
Folate deficiency?
Macrotyic anemia (RBC), lower immunity (WBC)
At-risk groups of folate deficiency?
pregnant women, elderly, alcoholics
Folate toxicity can potentially mask B6 deficiency. T or F
False. B12 deficiency
What is vitamin B12 made of?
Group of compounds with cobalt centre
What are the sources of Vit B12?
Only animal foods
Vitamin B6 requires IF produced by cells in the body. T or F
False. Vitamin B12 requires IF.
What is the function of B12?
Conversion of homocysteine to methionine to prevent cardiovascular diseases
What are the causes of B12 deficiency?
inadequte intake: vegans
inadequate absorption: malabsorption
atrophic gatstritis
gastrectomy
What are the sources of Vit C?
Fruits like oranges and strawberries
What are the functions of Vit C?
also acts as an anti-oxidant helps in the reduction of Vit E act as hydrogen donors to convert ascrobate to dehydroascorbate synthesis of collagen use of fatty acids for generating energy helps in absorption of iron
Describe Scurvy
Vit C deficiency. muscle/ bone pain (imagine epileptic) progressive weakness (faints) Subcutaneous bleeding (bled ouch) delayed wound healing
What are sources of calcium?
Milk, soya beans
What can help Ca absorption and what can inhibit Ca absorption?
Enhance: Vit D, lactose, acidity
Inhibit: Phytates, Oxalates
Folic acid is better absorbed than folate. T or F
True
Define pernidous anemia
B12 deficiency due to IF
How is Ca excreted?
Urine: increased by high Ca intake, high protein intake
decreased by active vit D
Fecal losses
How is Ca concentration in the plasma controlled / how are bones maintained?
If low, Vit D will be activated to relaease Ca from bones and increase absorbtion from foof and re-absorption of Ca in urine
If high, thyroid will release Calcitonin
What is Calcium deficiency called?
Osteoporosis.
Which vitamins help osteoporosis patients?
Vit D, A, C, K
Calcium does not increase the risk of prostate cancer and kidney stones but increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. T or F
False. Calcium increases risk of prostate cancer and kidney stones but it does not increase the risk of cardiovascular disease
What are the sources of iron?
Plant foods (non-haem): Green vegetables, legumes Animal foods (haem): meat and fish
Describe haem iron and non-haem iron.
Haem iron is more easily absorbed than non-haem.
Haem iron is in the ferrous form while non-haem is in the ferric form
What is the function of iron?
Haemoglobin: Oxygen carrier in body
myoglobin: oxygen carrier in muscle
What is iron deficiency called?
Microtyic anemia
Who is at-risk of iron deficiency?
vegetarians, menstruating women, blood donor
Iron toxicity is rare. T or F. Explain your answer
False.
Large stores in the body (Hemochromatosis, over-supplementation or blood transfusion)
Acute toxicity (Supplements)
What are the functions of sodium?
glucose absorption
muscle contraction and nerve transmission
maintains water balance
What are the effects of excess sodium intake?
high blood pressure,
risk of osteoporosis because high sodium intake increases urine and consequently, Ca is lost.
Stomach cancer
