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sph2104 > Micro-nutrients > Flashcards

Micro-nutrients Flashcards

1
Q

Where are fat-soluble vitamins stored

A

adipose tissue or liver

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2
Q

Where are fat-soluble vitamins absorbed?

A

small intestine

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3
Q

Where are water-soluble vitamins stored?

A

they are not stored

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4
Q

Where are water-soluble vitamins absorbed?

A

small intestine

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5
Q

What are fat-soluble vitamins?

A

DEKA

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6
Q

What are water-soluble vitamins?

A

B, C and choline

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7
Q

Are fat or water-soluble vit morelikely to accumulate?

A

Fat-soluble vitamins

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8
Q

Can cooking lead to losses in fat-soluble vitamin?

A

No. Cooking increases the avilabality of fat-soluble vit

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9
Q

What is the name of vitamin A that is commonly found in the body?

A

Retinoid

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10
Q

What is the flow of conversion of retionoid forms?

A

retinol -> retinal -> retinoic acid

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11
Q

what does retinoid exist as most of the time?

A

Cis or trans

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12
Q

One molecule of B-carotene can be converted to what?

A

retinal

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13
Q

What are pro-vitamin A?

A

Carotenoid

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14
Q

Carotenoid can be converted to what?

A

carotene, carotene and cryptoxanthin

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15
Q

What is the name of the test that allows you to determine how much Vitamin A you have?

A

Dark Adaptation test

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16
Q

What form of vitamin A helps you to see things more clearly in the dark?

A

RetinOl

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17
Q

What form of vitamin A helps to secrete mucus in the eyes?

A

retinoic acid

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18
Q

What is the disease called if u have dry eyes?

A

xerophthalmia

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19
Q

What are the functions of vitamin A?

A

Vision
Maintain cellular differentiation
Maintain integrity of the cell
Maintain cellular integrity of stomach and lungs
Prevents bacteria from moving from one place to another
Maintain healthy skin
Promote normal growth in children

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20
Q

What causes vit. A toxicity? Carotenoids or retinoids?

A

Retinoids

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21
Q

What are the sources of Vit. D?

A

Sunlight

Food - eggs, mushroom, fish and milk

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22
Q

What happens to vit. D in the body?

A

Sun -> vit D (skin) -> liver vit D 25(OH)D -> kidney -> activated form (1,25(OH)2D) where there’s 2 hydroxyl

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23
Q

What are the use of the activated form of vit D?

A

Stomach - increases the absorption of Ca
Bone -> releases Ca and P from the bones
Kidney -> Increases re-absorprion of Ca from urine

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24
Q

Who are at-risk of Vit D definiciency?

A

Anybody with low exposure to sunlight

Liver or kidney disease

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25
Q

What are the 2 diseases that can arise from Vit D deficiency?

A

Rickets (children)

Osteomalacia (adults)

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26
Q

What is osteomalacia?

A

Soft bones

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27
Q

How can you measure the risk of Vit D deficiency?

A

Concentration of 25(OH)D in the body.
Sufficient: 50 nM
Clinical deficiency ; <25nM
Rickets : <15 nM

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28
Q

What are the key organs needed to make active form?

A

Liver and kidney

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29
Q

What are the sources of Vit E?

A

Plant Sources - vegetable oil, almonds, peanuts, avocado

Animal sources - Poultry, Eggs, Fish

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30
Q

What is the function of Vit E in the body?

A

Anti-oxidant
Vit E donates an electron to free radicals -> Vit E gets oxidised in the process -> Vit E regenerated with the help of Vit C

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31
Q

Is Vit E deficiency rare in humans?

A

Yes

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32
Q

Who are at-risk of Vit E deficiency?

A

Fat malabsorption

Preterm infants

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33
Q

Is Vit E toxicity rare in humans?

A

Yes because it can be excreted in the bile

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34
Q

Vitamin E help prevent cancer and heart disease. True of False?

A

False

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35
Q

Vitamin E help slow progression of eye disease. True or false?

A

True

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36
Q

What are the sources of Vit K?

A

Plant - vegetable oil, leafy vegetables

Animal Sources - milk, liver

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37
Q

What are the functions of Vit K?

A

Blood clotting

Bone mineralization

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38
Q

Who are at-risk of Vit K deficiency?

A

Newborns

People who suffer from fat mal-absorprion

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39
Q

Is Vit K deficiency in adult rare?

A

Yes

40
Q

Megadoses of Vit A and Vit E does not impede Vit K action. T or F

A

False

41
Q

Vit D, E, A, K, thiamin have upper limits. True or false?

A

False. Only D, E and A have.

42
Q

What are the sources of Vit K?

A

Phylloquinone (plant), Menoquinone (animal)

43
Q

Vit E and K can be excreted in the bile. T or F?

A

True

44
Q

What are two types of water-soluble vit?

A

B-complex and vit C

45
Q

Describe Vit B

A

A group of 8 vitamins mainly thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, folate,

46
Q

Which vitamins are used for energy metabolism?

A

Thiamin, Niacin and RIboflavin are mainly used for energy metabolism

47
Q

What are the sources of Vit B?

A

whole grains

48
Q

What is the function of thiamin?

A

In the form of thiamin pyrophosphate, it is needed for macronutrient metabolism

49
Q

What is Beri-beri?

A

Beri-beri is the name for thiamin deficiency. There are two types of beri-beri. Dry and Wet beri beri. Symptoms of beri-beri can only be observed after 14 days of thiamin-free diet

50
Q

What is cerebral beri beri

A

double vision (raven and son), impaired metnal health (joker)

51
Q

What is dry beri-beri

A

neurological symptoms like weight loss, memory loss

52
Q

What is wet beri-beri

A

cardiovascular disease, heart enlargement

53
Q

Alcoholics cannot develop beri beri. True or false

A

False. Alcohol decreases absorption of thiamin
increases excretion
Alcoholics have poor diet

54
Q

Too much riboflavin can result in what?

A

Yellow pee

55
Q

What are the sources of riboflavin?

A

Milk, eggs, meat, green leafy vegetables

56
Q

What are the functions of riboflavin?

A

act as cofactors for metabolism of macronutrients

folate metabolism

57
Q

What are the deficiency in riboflavin called? Describe them

A

Glosstitis : enlarged tongue

Angular stomatitis: inflammation around the corner of mouth

58
Q

What are the sources of Niacin?

A

Coffee

59
Q

What are the functions of niacin?

A

metabolism of macronutrient

fatty acid synthesis

60
Q

What is the deficiency in riboflavin called? Describe it. Brain, eyes, skin, stomach

A

Pellagra. Characterized by 4Ds: Dementia (brain), Death (Eyes), Dermatitis (Skin), Diarrhoea (stomach)

61
Q

What is Casal’s necklace associated to?

A

Pellagra. Red patches that appear on the skin thats not exposed to sunlight

62
Q

What are the sources of vitamin B6?

A

Plant: Carrots, spinach
Animal: Meat, Poultry, Fish

63
Q

What are the 2 names of vitamin B6?

A

Pyridoxine (plants), pyridoxamine, pyridoxal (animals)

64
Q

What are the functions of B6?

A 
Synthesis of haem
synthesis of neurotransmitters
synthesis of non-essential amino acid
metabolism of fatty acids
utilization of glycogen in the body
65
Q

What happens if you have Vit B6 deficiency?

A 
anemia
neuromuscular problems 
co-exists with other deficiencies like 
Riboflavin def - angular stomatitis
Niacin deficiency - dermatitis
66
Q

What happens if you have B6 excess?

A

walking difficulties and hand/foot numbness

67
Q

What are folate sources?

A

Leafy vegetables, liver

Synthetic - supplements

68
Q

What are the functions of folate?

A

Participates in one-carbon transfer

  • > synthesis of nucleotide
  • > conversion of amino acids
  • > conversion of homocysteine to methionine
69
Q

Folate deficiency?

A

Macrotyic anemia (RBC), lower immunity (WBC)

70
Q

At-risk groups of folate deficiency?

A

pregnant women, elderly, alcoholics

71
Q

Folate toxicity can potentially mask B6 deficiency. T or F

A

False. B12 deficiency

72
Q

What is vitamin B12 made of?

A

Group of compounds with cobalt centre

73
Q

What are the sources of Vit B12?

A

Only animal foods

74
Q

Vitamin B6 requires IF produced by cells in the body. T or F

A

False. Vitamin B12 requires IF.

75
Q

What is the function of B12?

A

Conversion of homocysteine to methionine to prevent cardiovascular diseases

76
Q

What are the causes of B12 deficiency?

A

inadequte intake: vegans
inadequate absorption: malabsorption
atrophic gatstritis
gastrectomy

77
Q

What are the sources of Vit C?

A

Fruits like oranges and strawberries

78
Q

What are the functions of Vit C?

A 
also acts as an anti-oxidant
helps in the reduction of Vit E
act as hydrogen donors to convert ascrobate to dehydroascorbate
synthesis of collagen
use of fatty acids for generating energy
helps in absorption of iron
79
Q

Describe Scurvy

A 
Vit C deficiency. 
muscle/ bone pain (imagine epileptic)
progressive weakness (faints)
Subcutaneous bleeding (bled ouch)
delayed wound healing
80
Q

What are sources of calcium?

A

Milk, soya beans

81
Q

What can help Ca absorption and what can inhibit Ca absorption?

A

Enhance: Vit D, lactose, acidity
Inhibit: Phytates, Oxalates

82
Q

Folic acid is better absorbed than folate. T or F

A

True

83
Q

Define pernidous anemia

A

B12 deficiency due to IF

84
Q

How is Ca excreted?

A

Urine: increased by high Ca intake, high protein intake
decreased by active vit D
Fecal losses

85
Q

How is Ca concentration in the plasma controlled / how are bones maintained?

A

If low, Vit D will be activated to relaease Ca from bones and increase absorbtion from foof and re-absorption of Ca in urine

If high, thyroid will release Calcitonin

86
Q

What is Calcium deficiency called?

A

Osteoporosis.

87
Q

Which vitamins help osteoporosis patients?

A

Vit D, A, C, K

88
Q

Calcium does not increase the risk of prostate cancer and kidney stones but increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. T or F

A

False. Calcium increases risk of prostate cancer and kidney stones but it does not increase the risk of cardiovascular disease

89
Q

What are the sources of iron?

A 
Plant foods (non-haem): Green vegetables, legumes
Animal foods (haem): meat and fish
90
Q

Describe haem iron and non-haem iron.

A

Haem iron is more easily absorbed than non-haem.

Haem iron is in the ferrous form while non-haem is in the ferric form

91
Q

What is the function of iron?

A

Haemoglobin: Oxygen carrier in body
myoglobin: oxygen carrier in muscle

92
Q

What is iron deficiency called?

A

Microtyic anemia

93
Q

Who is at-risk of iron deficiency?

A

vegetarians, menstruating women, blood donor

94
Q

Iron toxicity is rare. T or F. Explain your answer

A

False.
Large stores in the body (Hemochromatosis, over-supplementation or blood transfusion)
Acute toxicity (Supplements)

95
Q

What are the functions of sodium?

A

glucose absorption
muscle contraction and nerve transmission
maintains water balance

96
Q

What are the effects of excess sodium intake?

A

high blood pressure,
risk of osteoporosis because high sodium intake increases urine and consequently, Ca is lost.
Stomach cancer

sph2104 (10 decks)

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