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3.19 Repro > Pregnancy and parturition in small animals > Flashcards

Pregnancy and parturition in small animals Flashcards

1
Q

Earliest to diagnose pregnancy via abdominal palpation for bitch and queen

A

28-35 days- Bitch
21-35 days- Queen

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2
Q

Earliest to diagnose pregnancy via Ultrasound for bitch and queen

A

Foetal heartbeat detectable from 24-28 days- Bitch
30 days-Queen

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3
Q

Earliest to diagnose pregnancy via Radiography for bitch and queen

A

Usually from day 40-42
Most accurate method of determining number and position of foetuses

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4
Q

Earliest to diagnose pregnancy via Rexlaxin Assay for bitch and queen

A

3-4 weeks post mating

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5
Q

Physiological changes during pregnancy

A

Blood volume increases by 40%
Increase is mainly plasma so haematocrit is 30-35%
Increased cardiac output
Oxygen consumption increases by 20%
Reduced functional residual capacity in the lungs

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6
Q

Outline Nutrition during pregnancy-Canine

A

70% foetal growth will occur after first 5 weeks pregnancy
From day 40 (6 weeks) change to puppy food (more calorific).
Feed several small meals a day (reduced space)
Increase feed by 10% per week from week 6 until parturition

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7
Q

Outline Nutrition during pregnancy-Feline

A

Swap to kitten food from mating
Cats deposit fat from early pregnancy (to be used during lactation)
By parturition will be eating 50% more
Feed several small meals or ad lib (cats tend to self regulate)

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8
Q

Outline Worming during pregnancy- Canine

A

They should be wormed before mating and from day 40 until 2 days after whelping daily with fenbendazole.
Puppies should be wormed from 2 weeks of age

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9
Q

Outline Worming during pregnancy- Feline

A

Cats should be wormed before mating
Cats can be wormed with a single adult dose of fenbendazole during pregnancy
Kittens should be wormed from 2 weeks of age

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10
Q

Behavioural changes close to parturition

A

Restlessness
Nesting
Anorexia
Shivering
Lactation

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11
Q

How does body temperature change during parturition

A

Caused by decline in progesterone
Sharp decrease in temp 8-24hrs before parturition
Temp drop to 35C in small breeds/37C in giant breeds
Owners can measure this at home

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12
Q

How does Progesterone measurement change during parturition

A

Decreases from 12-15nmol/l to below 6nmol/l

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13
Q

What is Ferguson reflex

A

Foetuses entering the birth canal cause Oxytocin release and abdominal muscle contractions leading to their rapid expulsion

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14
Q

How many minutes between puppies

A

30-60

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15
Q

Can cats suspend labour?

A

Can suspend labour for up to 48hrs if disturbed with no apparent complications

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16
Q

When to be concerned?

A

Stage 2 labour with mild/intermittent straining for 2-3hrs and no pup
Stage 2 labour with strong/frequent straining for >30mins
More than 4hrs since last pup with more to deliver
Foetal fluid passed > 2-3hrs but nothing since
Greenish discharge seen but no puppy withing 2-4hrs
No or slow foetal heart beat (<150bpm) on U/S
Green/black or bloody vulval discharge with no pup

17
Q

Maternal factors for dystocia

A

Uterine inertia (primary and secondary)
Pelvic canal too narrow (previous trauma/breed conformation)
Uterine torsion
Metabolic abnormalities (hypoglycaemia/hypocalcemia)

18
Q

Difference between primary and secondary uterine inertia

A

Primary – failure to start stage 2 labour
Secondary – occurs after initial normal stage 2 labour

19
Q

What is uterine inertia

A

Failure to expel a foetus from the uterus when no obstruction exists

20
Q

Foetal factors for dystocia

A

Malpresentation
Malformation
Foetal oversize
Foetal death

21
Q

Hormone involved in contractions/parturition

A

Foetal stress release cortisol

22
Q

What values do I want for a blood test during dystocia

A

Calcium
Glucose
PCV/TS

23
Q

Two main categories of dystocia

A

Obstructive and Non obstructive

24
Q

What to do when it is an obstructive dystocia

A

Caesarean section

25
Q

What to do when it is an nonobstructive dystocia

A

Calcium gluconate (increases strength of contractions) give with/after oxytocin
Oxytocin (increases frequency of contractions)
Contraindicated with obstruction – can cause uterine rupture
Caesarean

26
Q

When is Elective Caesarean section indicated

A

Breed – brachys etc unable to whelp naturally
Size of pup (pups)
Previous pelvic trauma/anatomical issue in the dam
Owner preference

27
Q

How to position dam when performing Caesarean

A

Position dam slightly tilted to left side (10-15 degrees) or cranial end raised to reduce pressure on vena cava

28
Q

Landmarks to incise for caesarean

A

Ventral midline coeliotmy
Midway from xiphoid and umbilicus to pubis.

29
Q

Do I remove most cranial or caudal foetus

A

Remove most caudal foetus first then remove from alternating horns by ‘milking’ the puppies to the hysterotomy

30
Q

What type of pattern to close the uterine body after a caesarean section

A

Cushing or lambert

31
Q

How soon must antibody transfer primarily via colustrum

A

First 24 hrs/ 16hrs in kittens

32
Q

Do I need to report a Csection

A

Caesarean sections should be reported to the kennel club for registered dogs
Reporting is not mandatory but encouraged

33
Q

What is eclampsia

A

Life threatening condition caused by hypocalcemia

34
Q

Clinical signs of eclampsia

A

Behavioural changes
Salivation
Facial puritis
Stiffness
Ataxia
Hyperthermia
Tachycardia
Tonic clonic muscle contractions
Seizures

35
Q

Treatment for eclampsia

A

IV CaGluconate 10% slowly to effect (Monitor Hr/ECG)
Diazepam to control persistent seizures
SC then oral calcium supplementation once seizures controlled
Improve nutrition
Reduce lactational demands (supplement pups)

36
Q

Outline administration of oxytocin when given as a treatment for nonobstructive oxytocin

A

Give up to 3 doses (use low doses)

37
Q

Treatment for mastitis

A

Drain gland(s)
Hot/cold pack
Pain relief
Systemic Antibiotics
IVFT if required

3.19 Repro (21 decks)

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