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APBI 312 > Pregnancy and Parturition > Flashcards

Pregnancy and Parturition Flashcards

1
Q

parturition

A
  • the act of giving birth
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2
Q

factors affecting length of gestation (6)

A
  • maternal factors
  • fetal factors
  • genetic factors
  • environmental
  • physical space
  • stress
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3
Q

factors affecting length of gestation: maternal factors (3)

A
  • age of the dam affects size of the dam
  • younger mothers are generally smaller and will have lower gestational lengths
  • related to physical space
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4
Q

factors affecting length of gestation: fetal factors (4)

A
  • if twins, there is less physical space and gestational length will be lowered
  • sex of fetus can affect birth weights/size
  • pituitary and adrenal function are related to maturity of fetus
  • related to physical size
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5
Q

factors affecting length of gestation: genetic factors (2)

A
  • breed; smaller breeds have lowered gestational lengths
  • fetal genotype
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6
Q

factors affecting length of gestation: environmental (3)

A
  • nutrition
  • season
  • related to stress
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7
Q

factors affecting length of gestation: size (2)

A
  • larger conceptus space results in less physical space
  • less physical space results in lower gestational lengths
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8
Q

factors affecting length of gestation: stress

A
  • increased stress reduces gestational lengths
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9
Q

length of gestation: larger species

A
  • 9-11 months
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10
Q

length of gestation: smaller species

A
  • 3-4 months
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11
Q

length of gestation: species

A
  • generally, smaller species have lower gestational periods due to decreased volume
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12
Q

reproductive organ changes: vagina (2)

A
  • edema
  • mucus
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13
Q

reproductive organ changes: cervix (2)

A
  • dilation and viscous mucus plug stimulated by increased P4
  • closes lumen of cervix off and must be tight to protect fetus from external vaginal canal
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14
Q

reproductive organ changes: uterus (3)

A
  • several fold increase in size to accommodate growing fetus and gestational fluids
  • progesterone induces muscle relaxation and elasticity
  • no contractions to protect fetus
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15
Q

reproductive organ changes: ovary (4)

A
  • cessation of estrus cycle
  • follicular waves may still occur, but progesterone ensures no ovulation occurs
  • size and form of ovary remains unchanged
  • exception: mare, which does not retain CL
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16
Q

reproductive organ changes: pelvic (3)

A
  • relaxation (relaxin)
  • accommodate uterus growing and shifting of other internal organs
  • allow for parturition to occur
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17
Q

hormones of pregnancy: progesterone (3)

A
  • corpus luteum and placenta
  • activation of endometrial glands in uterus
  • muscle relaxation
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18
Q

corpus luteum persistence (2)

A
  • CL persists throughout pregnancy, except in the horse
  • some species are only CL dependent or can be CL and placenta dependent
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19
Q

hormones of pregnancy: estrogens (3)

A
  • increases slightly with gestation and peaks at parturition
  • E2 from ovaries decreases, but E2 from placenta increases
  • important for lactation, placenta production, and uterus prep for parturition
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20
Q

hormones of pregnancy: equine chonionic gonadotropin (eCG) (2)

A
  • specific to mares
  • luteinizes follicles and maintains secondary CL
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21
Q

hormones of pregnancy: metabolic hormones (3)

A
  • insulin-like growth factor I
  • body composition and feed intake
  • related to stress, nutrition
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22
Q

placenta (3)

A
  • temporary fusion of fetal membranes and mother’s tissue
  • differs from other organs because of its structure
  • various degrees of fetal-maternal interaction (tissue invasiveness)
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23
Q

placenta function (3)

A
  • nutrient delivery
  • gas exchange
  • hormone synthesis
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24
Q

placentome (2)

A
  • functional unit of the placenta
  • made up of the maternal caruncle and the fetal cotyledon
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25
Q

fetal cotyledon (2)

A
  • chorionic villi
  • comes from chorionic membrane and has villi-like projections
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26
Q

placenta: caruncle
- barriers to gas exchange (4)

A
  • endothelium of the maternal blood vessel
  • connective tissue of the uterine mucosa
  • uterine epithelium
  • varies depending on classification
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27
Q

placenta: cotyledon
- barriers to gas exchange (4)

A
  • epithelium of chorion
  • connective tissue of fetal membrane
  • endothelium of blood vessel of allanto-chorion
  • remains consistent regardless of classification; need to invade all 3 layers
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28
Q

how does gas exchange occur through the placenta

A
  • diffusion
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29
Q

placental development (2)

A
  • fetal membranes develop from trophectoderm
  • chorion-allantoic placentation is the most common in farm animals
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30
Q

fetal membranes (3)

A
  • amnion: most internal sac that surround fetus
  • allantois: usually fuses with chorion membrane
  • chorion: most external membrane with lowered MHC I expression
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31
Q

chorionic villi (2)

A
  • increases area of interaction
  • penetrate into the maternal endometrium
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32
Q

placental classification: caruncles (3)

A
  • convex
  • concave
  • microcotyledonary (not as visible and very spread out)
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33
Q

placental classification: macroscopic types (3)

A
  • diffused
  • cotyledonary
  • zonary
  • discoid
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34
Q

placental classification: microscopic (2)

A
  • different classifications depend on structures in contact
  • blood vessel, connective tissue, and epithelium contact
35
Q

what effects does microscopic placental classification have (2)

A
  • affect amount of blood loss during parturition as some types are easier to split than others
  • affect ability of larger molecules, like Ig, to transfer
36
Q

placental classification: microscopic types (4)

A
  • epitheliochorial
  • synepitheliochorial (special type of epitheliochorial)
  • endotheliochorial
  • hemochorial
37
Q

what microscopic placental classification transfers large molecules easiest

A
  • hemochorial
38
Q

what microscopic placental classification transfer large molecules with most difficulty

A
  • epitheliochorial
39
Q

what microscopic placental classification loses most blood during parturition

A
  • hemochorial
40
Q

what microscopic placental classification loses the least blood during parturition

A
  • epitheliochorial
41
Q

placental circulation (4)

A
  • fetal and maternal blood are never in direct contact
  • uterine arteries and veins supply the placenta
  • umbilical veins return blood from the placenta to the fetus
  • countercurrent, concurrent, or crosscurrent flows
42
Q

where does exchange actually take place

A
  • in the placentomes
43
Q

placental transport of nutrients (2)

A
  • different nutrients and gases are transported across the placentome using different methods
  • diffusion, active transport, facilitated transport, etc
44
Q

how is water transported across the placenta (2)

A
  • intracellular (aquaporins)
  • transcellular (through cells)
45
Q

how are water soluble molecules transported across the placenta

A
  • facilitated passive and active transport
46
Q

fetal physiology periods (3)

A
  • early embryonic period
  • embryonic period
  • fetal period
47
Q

early embryonic period (2)

A
  • 0-12 days
  • before organogenesis
48
Q

embryonic period (2)

A
  • 12-60 days
  • before organogenesis
49
Q

fetal period (2)

A
  • 60 days to term
  • after organogenesis
50
Q

in what periods are losses more common (2)

A
  • early embryonic period and embryonic period
  • baby is undergoing HUGE transformation which can lead to complications
51
Q

early embryo: fetal nutrition and metabolism (3)

A
  • endometrial glands products nourish embryo
  • produce “uterine milk”
  • no direct transfer of nutrients through vascular system
52
Q

fetus: nutrition (2)

A
  • placenta
  • CHO, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals
53
Q

fetus: nutrition towards end of pregnancy (2)

A
  • fetus accumulates glycogen in the liver and muscles
  • stops growing longer and accumulates fat to survive days after parturition
54
Q

fetus: nutrition for ruminants (3)

A
  • acetate
  • lactate
  • amino acids
55
Q

fetal growth (2)

A
  • changes in size, weight, and shape
  • relative growth is faster earlier, but absolute growth is maximum in late gestation
56
Q

fetal growth: genetic factors (3)

A
  • breed
  • maternal contribution
  • size of sire (male) influence after birth
57
Q

fetal growth: environmental factors (2)

A
  • size of dam, age of dam, nutrition of dam
  • placental size, litter size, and climatic stress
58
Q

fetal growth: hormones and factors (4)

A
  • growth hormone
  • insulin
  • insulin-like growth factor 1 and 2
  • thyroid hormones
59
Q

thyroid hormones

A
  • skeletal and muscle development
60
Q

fetal growth: insulin

A
  • nutrient availability
61
Q

fetal growth: insulin-like growth factor 1 and 2

A
  • fetal growth and regulation of nutrient utilization
62
Q

fetal growth: growth hormone

A
  • fetal growth
63
Q

fetal circulation (3)

A
  • similar to adult circulation
  • additional shunts and bypasses
  • oxygenation and nutrition slightly different
64
Q

fetal circulation: additional shunts and bypasses (3)

A
  • ductus venoses
  • foremen ovale
  • ductus arteriosus
65
Q

ductus venoses (2)

A
  • umbilical vein to vena cava
  • bypasses digestive system and liver
66
Q

foreman ovale (2)

A
  • right atrium to left atrium
  • hole between 2 atriums
67
Q

ductus arteriosus (2)

A
  • pulmonary artery to aorta
  • bypasses the lungs
68
Q

fetal circulation: oxygenation (2)

A
  • placenta instead of the lungs
  • lungs are inactive, collapsed, and non-functional with only some blood passing to fuel cells
69
Q

fetal circulation: nutrition

A
  • placenta instead of digestive system
70
Q

how does the fetus interact with fetal fluid

A
  • absorption and secretion of fluids through respiratory tract, urinary tract, digestive tract, and fetal skin
71
Q

what does fetal fluid contain (5)

A
  • cells
  • urine
  • electrolytes
  • enzymes
  • hormones
72
Q

what is the purpose of fetal fluid (4)

A
  • protection
  • nourishment
  • swallowing of fluid be fetus
  • pressure on walls of placenta so that it is always in close contact to the endometrium
73
Q

what makes up a large portion of the uterus volume

A
  • fetal fluid
74
Q

what occurs when the “water breaks” (2)

A
  • embryonic sac breaks
  • amniotic fluid lubricates birth canal to assist parturition
75
Q

amniotic fluid function (3)

A
  • protects fetus from external shock
  • prevents adhesion between fetal skin and amniotic membrane
  • assists in dilating cervix and lubricating birth passages during birth
76
Q

allantoic fluid function (3)

A
  • brings allantochorion into close apposition with endometrium during initial attachment
  • stores fecal excretory products not readily transferred back to mother
  • helps maintain osmotic pressure of fetal plasma
77
Q

indicators of parturition (4)

A
  • relaxing of pelvic ligaments
  • edema of vulva
  • mammary gland enlargement
  • visible behaviors: nest building/isolation
78
Q

mechanism of parturition (3)

A
  • complex interaction of endocrine. neural and mechanical factors
  • fetal control in most species
  • maternal influences present
79
Q

parturition: maternal influence

A
  • stress and fear can prolong parturition
80
Q

fetal control of parturition (2)

A
  • rise in fetal cortisol
  • fetal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activated
81
Q

what is the effect of raised fetal cortisol during parturition (4)

A
  • cortisol converts progesterone to estrogen
  • estrogen stimulates expression of oxytocin receptors in the uterus
  • leads to synthesis of PG
  • PG initiates luteolysis, droppig progesterone and starting myometrium contractions
82
Q

mechanics of parturition (2)

A
  • myometrial contractions
  • cervix dilation
83
Q

labor (3)

A
  • dilation of cervix
  • expulsion of the fetus
  • expulsion of the fetal membranes

APBI 312 (8 decks)

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