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APBI 312 > Establishment of Pregnancy > Flashcards

Establishment of Pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

first 10 days of embryo development stages (4)

A
  • one cell to sixteen cell
  • morula
  • blastocyst
  • hatching blastocyst
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2
Q

in what stages is the embryo in the oviduct (2)

A
  • day 0-5
  • one cell to eight cell
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3
Q

morula

A
  • 32 cell embryo
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4
Q

early blastocyst (2)

A
  • when differentiation of cells begins
  • space begins to form within the embryo, making it a hollow ball of cells
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5
Q

expanded blastocyst

A
  • differentiation of inner cell mass and trophectoderm
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6
Q

inner cell mass

A
  • turns into embryo, and then fetus
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7
Q

trophectoderm

A
  • turns into placenta
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8
Q

hatching blastocyst

A
  • hatching/breaking of zona pellucida before elongation
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9
Q

when does the embryo enter the uterus

A
  • 3-5 days after ovulation
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10
Q

plasminogen activator (2)

A
  • invasive growth of trophoblast
  • production of certain molecules that allows trophectoderm to invade caruncles of uterus for placental attachment
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11
Q

protease inhibitors

A
  • prevents excessive invasion of trophectoderm into caruncles
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12
Q

estrogen production by swine embryo (2)

A
  • estrone sulphate to block PG and prevent CL death
  • maternal recognition of pregnancy
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13
Q

why is prostaglandin still produced during pregnancy (2)

A
  • small amounts produced by conceptus for placentation to occur
  • local action; nothing to do with luteolysis
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14
Q

elongation stages (3)

A
  • spherical
  • oblong/tubular/ovoid
  • filamentous
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15
Q

filamentous stage of elongation in cattle

A
  • conceptus will gradually occupy entire gravid horn and extend into the other horn as well
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16
Q

what contact is required to block PG

A
  • strong and close physical paracrine connection between conceptus and uterus
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17
Q

menstruation (3)

A
  • necrosis: epithelium collapses and is sloughed off
  • collapse and kinking of arteries
  • open ends of blood vessels exposed, leading to hemorrhages
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18
Q

what does estrogen promote in primates (2)

A
  • proliferation and hypertrophy of endometrium
  • hypertrophy of myometrium
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19
Q

hypertrophy in myometrium during menstruation (3)

A
  • glandular development
  • edema (fluid in uterus space)
  • hyperemia (increased blood flow)
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20
Q

metestrus bleeding (3)

A
  • occurs in cows
  • intensive endometrial stimulation during proestrus from uterus
  • sudden drop in estrogen after ovulation results in vasodilation, fragility of vascular system, and diapedesis
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21
Q

proestrus bleeding (3)

A
  • occurs in dogs
  • estrus and breeding after the bleeding
  • vaginal canal origin
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22
Q

how does progesterone aid in pregnancy (2)

A
  • maintenance of uterine glands
  • increased blood supply
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23
Q

if fertilization does not occur, what happens in primates (3)

A
  • luteolysis
  • drop in progesterone
  • initiation of menstruation
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24
Q

how long does it take for vascular supply to regenerate after menstruation

25
implantation steps (3)
1. intimate contact 2. apposition 3. cellular invasion and interaction
26
implantation step: intimate contact (2)
- paracrine functions - maternal recognition of pregnancy
27
implantation step: apposition (2)
- certain order in layers of tissue - integrin receptors on endometrium attach to integrin on conceptus
28
implantation step: cellular invasion and interaction (4)
- beyond intimate contact; fetal cells carve into endometrium - form into a single tissue - nutrient and gas exchange - new vascularization
29
maternal recognition of pregnancy
- initiated by conceptus; conceptus produces something that will rescue the CL
30
what is maternal recognition of pregnancy for? (3)
- corpus luteum maintenance - continue endometrial development - secretory activity
31
maternal recognition of pregnancy: timing (3)
- very important - narrow window to block luteolytic signals - conceptus must be big enough to create blockage before prostaglandin synthesis kills CL and pregnancy is lost
32
maternal recognition of pregnancy: swine
- conceptus produces estrone sulfate
33
maternal recognition of pregnancy: ruminants
- conceptus produces interferon-tau
34
maternal recognition of pregnancy: horse
- conceptus produces several molecules and eCG
35
maternal recognition of pregnancy: human
- conceptus produces several molecules and hCG
36
maternal recognition of pregnancy: commonalities between all species (2)
- maintenance of corpus luteum function and to maintain high levels of P4 - block the effects of PG
37
prostaglandin synthesis (3)
- COX I and II enzymes - prostaglandin synthase - involves progesterone, estrogen, and oxytocin receptors in the endometrium
38
how does interferon-tau block PG synthesis
- blocks COX and oxytocin receptor gene/protein expression
39
why is the position of the conceptus around the maternal recognition of pregnancy important (3)
- conceptus must physically occupy spaces to block PG - implantation must occur to nourish embryo - to keep uterus "quiet" so gestation can continue
40
why is immunology important to pregnancy (2)
- 1/2 of genetic material is NOT from the mother - very easy for mother's immune system to consider conceptus as non-self
41
immune response in the reproductive tract (3)
- similar to the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract - link to exterior environment - sterile/clean environment necessary for proper function
42
tools of the immune response in the reproductive tract (4)
- physical barriers (cervix, mucus, pH) - phagocytes (neutrophils, macrophages) - B lymphocytes (antibodies) - T lymphocytes
43
innate immune response (3)
- macrophages, neutrophils, and natural-killer cells - foreign bodies, antibody coat, complement - absence of MHC class I
43
innate immune response (3)
- macrophages, neutrophils, and natural-killer cells - foreign bodies, antibody coat, complement - absence of MHC class I
44
why is lack of MHC class I important in the reproductive tract innate immune system (2)
- important for trophectoderm to identify self from non-self - lack of MHC class I limits conceptus recognition/exposure to immune system
45
acquired immune system (4)
- B and T lymphocytes - immunoglobulin receptor of T cell receptor - cell mediated and humoral response - memory
46
regulation of immune system
- ovarian steroid hormones - regulatory molecules in seminal plasma - autocrine and paracrine factors from the uterus and conceptus
47
regulation of immune system: ovarian steroid hormones (2)
- estradiol stimulate vasodilation, easier migration of cells, more immune cells present, and inflammation - progesterone stimulates vasoconstriction, inhibits cell migration, fewer immune cells present, and is anti-inflammatory
48
regulation of immune system: regulatory molecules in seminal plasma (3)
- sperm antigenicity - neutrophil mediated - memory usually does not occur, but if it does then it is likely associated with infertility
49
regulation of immune system: autocrine and paracrine factors (2)
- maintenance of conceptus - must cause anti-inflammatory state
50
which steroid hormone is more ideal during pregnancy (2)
- progesterone - anti-inflammatory effects and slightly imunno-deficient uterus
51
why are pregnancy mediated immune responses necessary (2)
- risk of immune rejection as 1/2 of the conceptus is made up of foreign proteins - mechanisms must be present to prevent destruction of the fetus
52
how is does pregnancy mediate immune responses (2)
- suppression/attenuation of immune response - conceptus and maternal factors contribute to this attenuation - regulation of MHC antigens on trophoblast - immunosuppression
53
how is does pregnancy mediate immune responses: conceptus
- cell to cell interactions between conceptus and caruncles can result in rejection - most exterior trophectoderm cells lack MHC I receptors so that it can't be identified and trigger rejection
54
how is does pregnancy mediate immune responses: maternal factors
- increased progesterone levels
55
how is does pregnancy mediate immune responses: regulation of MHC antigens on trophoblast (2)
- MHC class I presented by most cells - turned off in the outer layers of the trophoblast (contact with endometrium epithelium)
56
how is does pregnancy mediate immune responses: immunosuppression (3)
- increased progesterone for vasoconstriction - TGF-beta, PGE, and interferon-tau immuno-modulate and attenuate immunity - reduction in lymphocyte numbers
57
pro-inflammatory cytokines (3)
- IL-1 - IL-6 - TNF-alpha
58
anti-inflammatory cytokines (3)
- IL-4 - IL-10 - TGF-beta

APBI 312 (8 decks)

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