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APBI 312 > Gametogenesis > Flashcards

Gametogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

follicle (3)

A
  • born with certain amount
  • package that contains oocyte
  • enables ovary to fulfill dual function
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2
Q

folliculogenesis (2)

A
  • formation of Graafian follicle
  • primary follicle development to mature follicle
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3
Q

follicle turnover

A
  • frequent emergence of new follicles, following by follicle atresia
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4
Q

ovulation

A
  • release of oocyte from Graafian follicle
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5
Q

follicles development and ovulation (2)

A
  • always start with cohort of follicles, with one follicle fully developing and going into ovulation
  • 90-95% of follicles are turned over every cycle
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6
Q

events during follicle growth (7)

A
  1. recruitment of follicles
  2. selection of dominant follicle and atresia of remaining
  3. nuclear maturation of oocyte
  4. cytoplasmic maturation of oocyte
  5. steroid synthesis
  6. stigma formation
  7. release of egg
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7
Q
  1. recruitment of follicles (4))
A
  • beginning of estrous cycle
  • preantral follicles are not hormonal dependent
  • cohort of follicles selected in both ovaries
  • theca interna and granulosa cells develop FSH receptors and become FSH dependent
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8
Q
  1. selection of dominant follicle (3)
A
  • development of LH receptors in granulosa cells
  • atresia of remaining follicles
  • steroidogenesis; production of estradiol
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9
Q
  1. nuclear maturation of oocyte (2)
A
  • meiotic arrent in prophase I until LH surge (ovulation)
  • meiotic resumption after ovulation through metaphase I and arrent at metaphase II
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10
Q
  1. cytoplasmic maturation of oocyte
A
  • accumulation of mRNA, proteins, substrates, and nutrients required to achieve oocyte and embryonic development
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11
Q

polar bodies (2)

A
  • primary oocyte splits into 2 cell to form one secondary oocyte and one polar body
  • secondary oocyte splits into two cells to form one mature ovum and one polar body
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12
Q

polar body purpose

A
  • done to conserve cytoplasm into 1 cell
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13
Q
  1. steroid synthesis (3)
A
  • cholesterol transport to the ovarian follicle
  • testosterone synthesis by theca interna (androstenedione to testosterone) controlled by LH
  • estradiol synthesis by granulosa cells (testosterone to estradiol) by aromatase
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14
Q
  1. stigma formation (3)
A
  • apical wall becomes thin
  • avascular
  • rupture of follicle at ovulation
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15
Q
  1. release of egg or ovum (3)
A
  • loosening of cumulus-oophorus complex
  • prostaglandin role of contracting theca externa
  • expulsion and pick up by oviduct
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16
Q

follicular fluid

A
  • peripheral plasma by transudation across the follicle membrane from mother
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17
Q

follicular fluid: general biochemical composition (2)

A
  • steroids and glycoproteins secreted by cells of follicle wall and serum exudate
  • enzymes, prostaglandins, and gonadotropins
18
Q

follicular fluid: specific components (4)

A
  • estradiol
  • progesterone
  • androstenedione
  • oocyte maturation inhibitor and inhibin that keep oocyte in desirable state for certain processes
19
Q

follicular fluid functions (6)

A
  • regulation of granulosa cells functions
  • initiation of follicular growth, oocyte maturation, ovulation, and egg transport to oviduct
  • steroidogenesis
  • preparation of corpus luteum
  • regulation of follicular cycle
  • sperm metabolism, capacitation, and early embryonic development
20
Q

what major changes does the pre-ovulatory follicle undergo (3)

A
  • cytoplasmic and nuclear maturation of the oocyte; resumption of meiosis and accumulation of things important to early embryonic development
  • disruption of cumulus cell cohesiveness among cells of granulosa layer
  • thinning and rupture of external follicular wall
21
Q

site of ovulation

A
  • anywhere in the ovary except the hilus (medulla portion)
22
Q

neuroendocrine and biochemical mechanism of ovulation (4)

A
  • GnRH and LH surge
  • transient progesterone increase
  • collagenase loosens cells and thins wall while aromatase inhibition causes estradiol levels to decrease
  • synthesis of prostaglandin
23
Q

neuroendocrine and biochemical mechanism of ovulation: PG synthesis (2)

A
  • stimulates neuromuscular thecal system
  • stimulates remodeling of follicle layers
24
Q

spermatogenesis structures (4)

A
  • seminiferous tubules; major structural unit
  • sertoli cell; major support cell
  • spermatogonium; primary diploid cell (2n)
  • leydig cell; steroidogenesis, testosterone production
25
Q

spermatogenesis result

A
  • continuous release of haploid (n) cells; spermatozoa
26
Q

semen (2)

A
  • liquid cellular suspension
  • spermatozoa + accessory glands fluid
27
Q

regulation of seminiferous tubules (3)

A
  • leydig cells produce testosterone
  • testosterone travels to blood vessels and into seminiferous tubule
  • sertoli cells in seminifeorus tubule are affected by testosterone
28
Q

spermatozoa mitotic and meiotic divisions (6)

A
  1. spermatogonium (2n) undergo mitosis
  2. spermatogonia (2n) undergo cell growth
  3. primary spermatocyte (2n) undergo meiosis 1
  4. two secondary spermatocytes (n) undergo meiosis 2
  5. four spermatids (n) undergo cell differentiation
  6. spermatozoa (n)
29
Q

spermatozoa (3)

A
  • final male gamete
  • haploid (n) cells
  • free to go into lumen of seminiferous tubule and go along male pathway
30
Q

spermatozoa components (2)

A
  • head
  • tail
31
Q

spermatozoa head (4)

A
  • protamines condense DNA in similar way to histones so transcription cannot occur
  • contains nucleus
  • contains acrosome (transformed Golgi apparatus)
  • hydrolytic enzymes to penetrate zona pellucida
32
Q

spermatozoa tail
- function (1)
- components (5)

A
  • motility using 9 + 2 double tubules arrangement
  • neck, middle, annulus, principal, end piece
33
Q

organized migration to form spermatozoa (5)

A
  • centrioles reconstruct cytoskeleton to make tail
  • sucking of cytoplasm into tail
  • mitochondria go into neck portion for energy generation
  • excess cytoplasm is removed with help from sertoli cells
  • nucleus becomes whole head
34
Q

spermatozoa head layers (6)

A
  • plasma membrane
  • outer acrosomal membrane
  • acrosomal contents
  • inner acrosomal membrane
  • nuclear membrane
  • nucleus
35
Q

hormonal control of spermatogenesis

A
  • FSH, LH and testosterone have direct control
36
Q

hormonal control of spermatogenesis: sertoli cells (4)

A
  • FSH receptors for FSH from anterior pituitary
  • testosterone receptors for T from Leydig cells
  • secretion of ABP, inhibin, and activin
  • aromatase and 5alpha reductase which are needed for spermatogenesis to occur
37
Q

sertoli cells: inhibin function

A
  • important for negative feedback with pituitary
38
Q

sertoli cells: aromatase

A
  • turns testosterone into estradiol
39
Q

sertoli cells: 5alpha reductase

A
  • turns testosterone into dehydrotestosterone (DHT)
40
Q

hormonal control of spermatogenesis: leydig cells (2)

A
  • LH receptors
  • testosterone synthesis

APBI 312 (8 decks)

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