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APBI 312 > Hormonal Processes > Flashcards

Hormonal Processes Flashcards

1
Q

biological characteristics of hormonal control (6)

A
  • physiological regulators
  • effective in minute quantities
  • synthesized by cells which may/may not be located in a gland
  • secreted and transported into bloodstream
  • act on specific target cells (receptors present)
  • trigger specific responses
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2
Q

hypothalamus neuroendocrine site and pituitary (2)

A
  • control of many physiological mechanisms
  • important to reproduction
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3
Q

hypothalamus (3)

A
  • connect nervous-endocrine system
  • produces peptides and amines
  • controls part of the autonomic nervous system
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4
Q

pituitary gland (2)

A
  • anterior
  • posterior
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5
Q

posterior pituitary

A
  • deposit site for molecules from the hypothalamus
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6
Q

anterior pituitary

A
  • a gland that receives stimulation from portal vessel and releases to general circulation
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7
Q

hypothalamic portal vessel system

A
  • connects to the anterior pituitary
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8
Q

which reproductive hormones are regulated by the hypothalamus (4)

A
  • gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
  • prolactin-inhibiting or prolactin-releasing hormone (PIH/PRH)
  • oxytocin
  • melatonin
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9
Q

characteristics of GnRH (4)

A
  • small and simple structured polypeptide (only amino acids)
  • produced by hypothalamus
  • initiates a lot of things in gonads
  • commercially available due to its ability to be synthesized easily
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10
Q

GnRH function

A
  • stimulates release of FSH and LH
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11
Q

what can we conclude from the GnRH amino acid sequence across species (2)

A
  • vastly different species all have some form of GnRH
  • its conservation across species shows its functional importance as a molecule
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12
Q

oxytocin function (3)

A
  • induces uterine contractions
  • induces milk ejection
  • facilitates gamete transport
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13
Q

melatonin function

A
  • affects species reproductive cycles, making them seasonal
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14
Q

PIH/PRH function

A
  • inhibits or stimulates prolactin release
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15
Q

which reproductive hormones are regulated by the anterior pituitary (3)

A
  • follicle stimulating hormones (FSH)
  • luteinizing hormones (LH)
  • prolactin (PRL)
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16
Q

which reproductive hormones are regulated by the posterior pituitary

A
  • oxytocin
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17
Q

what is a characteristic of hormones regulated by the hypothalamus (3)

A
  • polypeptides
  • relatively small
  • peptide based hormones
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18
Q

what is a characteristic of hormones regulated by the hypothalamus (2)

A
  • glycoproteins
  • peptide based hormones
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19
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH) (2)

A
  • relatively large glycoprotein (amino acids and carbohydrate residues) with alpha and beta chains
  • molecule is difficult to synthesize
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20
Q

which cells do LH target (2)

A
  • leydig cells
  • theca and granulosa cells
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21
Q

LH function (2)

A
  • stimulates follicular growth in female and spermatogenesis in male secretion
  • targets leydig cells and theca/granulosa cells
22
Q

LH alpha and beta chain (2)

A
  • alpha chain AA sequences similar between hormones within and between species
  • beta chain AA sequence diverse between species; accounting for hormone and species specificity
23
Q

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) (3)

A
  • relatively large glycoprotein with alpha and beta subunits
  • carbohydrate residue higher compared with LH
  • generally conserved structure across species
24
Q

what cells do FSH target (2)

A
  • sertoli cells
  • granulosa cells
25
Q

FSH function (2)

A

-stimulates ovulation and luteinization of ovarian follicles (CL) in females
- stimulates testosterone secretion in men

26
Q

hormone carbohydrates chains
- content
- most important monosaccharide

A
  • CHO content increases molecular weight (12 [LH] - 24% [FSH] of molecule)
  • sialic acid
27
Q

carbohydrate chains
- sialic acid (2)

A
  • essential for biological activity and extending half life
  • higher sialic acid content increases half-life of hormone
28
Q

1/2 life of steroid hormones: proteins (3)

A
  • steroid hormones bound to protein carriers in blood because they are lipophilic
  • binding to proteins increases half-life of steroids
  • only 5-10% of hormones present in unbounded form
29
Q

prolactin structure (3)

A
  • large molecular weight
  • no CHO residues
  • contains disulfide bonds (loop configuration) and cysteine residues
30
Q

which cells do prolactin target (2)

A
  • leydig cells
  • sex glands
31
Q

prolactin function (2)

A
  • promotes lactation
  • promotes maternal behaviour
32
Q

gonadal steroids (4)

A
  • produced by testis and ovaries
  • similar biosynthesis pathway as lipids
  • cholesterol based hormones
  • effective orally as it is not digested
33
Q

structure of steroid hormones (2)

A
  • 4 rings with slight differences
  • same cholesterol backbone
34
Q

how does the structure of steroid hormones effect function

A
  • steroid hormones can easily switch between forms
35
Q

structural biological variation in steorid hormones (4)

A
  • # of double bonds in the A ring
  • ketone vs hydroxyl group at C3
  • C10 methyl group present or missing
  • C17 attachment of 2 C atoms or hydroxyl groups
36
Q

structural biological variation in steroid hormones (4)

A
  • # of double bonds in the A ring
  • ketone vs hydroxyl group at C3
  • C10 methyl group present or missing
  • C17 attachment of 2 C atoms or hydroxyl groups
37
Q

characteristics of hormones secreted by reproductive organs (2)

A
  • fat-related hormones
  • cholesterol based
38
Q

hormones secreted by reproductive organs (4)

A
  • estrogen
  • progesterone
  • testosterone
  • prostaglandin (PG)
39
Q

prostaglandin (PG) structure (2)

A
  • unsaturated fatty acid
  • contains double bonds that bend molecule
40
Q

prostaglandin (PG) characteristics (3)

A
  • secreted by most body tissues as its precursor is present in all cells
  • paracrine and endocrine action; can enter bloodstream or affect adjacent cells
  • very short half life
41
Q

PG function (3)

A
  • causes uterine contractions
  • assists sperm in transport in female tract
  • causes regression of corpus luteum (luteolysis)
42
Q

androgen binding protein (ABP)
- structure

A
  • large glycoprotein
43
Q

ABP location

A
  • sertoli cells
44
Q

what is ABP production important for (3)

A
  • binds testosterone to increase concentration in seminiferous tubules
  • initiation of spermatogenesis
  • puberty in young animals
45
Q

schematic mechanism of steroid hormones (2)

A
  • normally crosses cell membrane from blood vessel as its lipophilic
  • nucleus receptor allows steroid to enter nucleus
46
Q

schematic mechanism of protein hormones (2)

A
  • does not cross membrane
  • attaches to receptor from blood vessel that triggers a secondary messenger pathway that signals to nucleus to produce something
47
Q

example of protein hormone activity (2)

A
  1. LH molecule binds to receptor on Leydig cell
  2. triggers secondary messenger pathway that signals nucleus to produce testosterone
48
Q

schematic mechanism of nerve pathway example (3)

A
  1. teat stimulation triggers nerve pathway to hypothalamus
  2. oxytocin stored in posterior pituitary from hypothalamus is released into bloodstream
  3. oxytocin stimulates muscles in teat to eject milk
49
Q

receptors and 2nd messenger pathways (2)

A
  • hormones dock on receptors and trigger conformation changes to the receptor
  • triggers changes to cAMP, protein kinases and phosphorylation pathways
50
Q

G protein coupled receptor (4)

A
  • 7 trans-membrane domains
  • normally linked with adenylate cyclase (AC)
  • converts ATP to cAMP
  • protein kinase A or C pathway leads to phosphorylation/ transcription
51
Q

steroid receptors (3)

A
  • nuclear or cytoplasmatic
  • associated with chaperones (HSP)
  • upon binding, steroid is transferred to nucleus

APBI 312 (8 decks)

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