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APBI 312 > Fertilization and Early Embryo Development > Flashcards

Fertilization and Early Embryo Development Flashcards

1
Q

site of sperm deposition

A
  • fornix or cervix
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2
Q

sperm transport: effects of vaginal secretions (2)

A
  • immobilize sperm within 1-2 hours
  • rapid transport is essential to evade female innate immune system
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3
Q

sperm transport: advantage of artificial insemination

A
  • semen can trespass barriers by being inserted into the uterus
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4
Q

semen transport: seminal plasma (5)

A
  • vehicle for transport
  • energy
  • motility
  • pH
  • block capacitation until timing is right
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5
Q

how do sperm achieve rapid transport (2)

A
  • major: contractile activity of uterus myometrium and oviduct
  • minor: sperm motility
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6
Q

how quickly do sperm reach site of fertilization

A
  • around 15 min
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7
Q

colonization of sperm reservoirs (3)

A
  • anatomic/physiological barriers prevent excessive sperm amount in site of fertilization
  • phagocytosis and sperm loss over time
  • avoids polyspermy
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8
Q
  • where are the sperm reservoirs (2)
A
  • between cervix and uterus in cervical crypts
  • between uterus and oviduct in utero-tubal junction
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9
Q

gamete transport in oviduct (3)

A
  • sperm and oocyte travel in opposite directions
  • peristalsis and anti-peristalsis driven by estradiol
  • complex nervous control
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10
Q

sperm survival in female (2)

A
  • normally max of 24 hours survival
  • loss by phagocytosis and physical barriers
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11
Q

sperm transport summary (4)

A
  • fast transport of sperm
  • loss of a lot of sperm cells
  • has to reach oviduct in certain time
  • timing must be synchronized by male/female gametes
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12
Q

spermatozoa changes (4)

A
  • maturation in the epididymis
  • mixing with accessory glands fluid
  • capacitation
  • acrosome reaction
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13
Q

maturation in the epididymis (2)

A
  • motility development
  • loss of cytoplasmic droplet
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14
Q

what is capacitation necessary for

A
  • sperm/ovum fusion
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15
Q

where does capacitation occur (2)

A
  • through the female tract
  • in the uterus then the isthmus
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16
Q

what occurs during capacitation (3)

A
  • spermatozoa surface components are modified or removed
  • secretions and accessory gland fluids
  • mitochondria modification
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17
Q

capacitation: spermatozoa surface (2)

A
  • cholesterol efflux
  • PKA-dependent phosphorylation
18
Q

capacitation: mitochondria modification

A
  • become loosely wrapped around the axoneme or distended
19
Q

what is the result of capacitation (4)

A
  • phospholipid layer destabilized
  • spermatozoa prepped for acrosome reaction and hypermotility
  • hyperactivated sperm with expression of receptors for zona glycoprotein
  • Ca2+ influx
20
Q

major factors affecting capacitation: vaginal environment (2)

A
  • cholesterol efflux in normal sperm
  • Ca2+ influx
21
Q

major factors affecting capacitation: cervical mucus (2)

A
  • cervical mucus scrubbing supports capacitation
  • leukocytes release ROS which affect capacitation speed
22
Q

major factors affecting capacitation: uterine environment

A
  • sialic acid binding protein binds to receptor on sperm
23
Q

major factors affecting capacitation: oviductal environment

A
  • progesterone from granulose/cumulus cells
24
Q

what affects Ca2+ influx (5)

A
  • physical environment
  • ROS
  • SABP
  • progesterone
  • HCO-3
25
Q

acrosome reaction (3)

A
  • sperm plasma membrane fuses with outer acrosomal membrane
  • vesiculation of acrosome
  • release of hydrolytic enzymes
26
Q

what hydrolytic enzymes are released in the acrosome reaction (2)

A
  • hyaluronidase
  • acrosin
27
Q

fertilization requirement (2)

A
  • zona pellucida has 3-4 glycoproteins
  • fertilization requires a strong and physical binding between glycoproteins and receptors on acrosome
28
Q

what do ovulated egg pickup by oviducts depend on (4)

A
  • characteristics of fimbriae of the infundibulum; ciliated cells create negative pressure toward oviduct lumen
  • pattern of cumulus cells and egg release
  • biophysical properties of follicular fluid released
  • coordinated contraction of the fimbriae, utero-ovarian ligaments, and the oviduct muscle layer
29
Q

transport time of ova to ampulla

A
  • will reach ampulla within first few hours
30
Q

transport time of ova to uterus if fertilization occurs (2)

A
  • usually a few days (72 - 96 hours)
  • first few days of embryo development occur in oviduct and not the uterus
31
Q

transport of ova if no fertilization occurs (2)

A
  • egg gets transported to the uterus where it is digested/reabsorbed
  • mare exception: unfertilized ova is retained in oviduct for months
32
Q

fertile life of the egg (2)

A
  • 12-24 hours after ovulation
  • delayed egg increases chances for polyspermy
33
Q

ovum maturation (3)

A
  • prophase I during follicle development
  • metaphase II during ovulation
  • maturation of ovum completed after fertilization and zygote formation
34
Q

fertilization

A
  • fusion of male and female pronuclei
35
Q

fertilization events (4)

A
  • nuclear envelope disperses
  • intermixing of chromosomes
  • 1st cleavage division
  • creation of the zygote
36
Q

zygote

A
  • one cell diploid embryo (2N)
37
Q

how is polyspermy blocked (2)

A
  • changes in ova surface immediately after fertilization from the 1st sperm
  • block is performed at zona pellucida
38
Q

polyspermy

A
  • fertilization of an egg by more than one sperm
39
Q

what occurs if polyspermy blocking fails (4)

A
  • failed pregnancy
  • polyspermic fertilization
  • polyploid embryos
  • embryonic death/abnormal development
40
Q

how is polyspermy blocked at the zona pellucida after sperm penetration (3)

A
  • cortical granules release into the peri-vitelline space (Ca++)
  • hardened zona pellucida
  • increased peri-vitelline space

APBI 312 (8 decks)

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