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Reproductive Biology > Pregnancy and Maternal Adaptation (Lec 15) > Flashcards

Pregnancy and Maternal Adaptation (Lec 15) Flashcards

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1
Q

Pregnancy Tests

A

Measure Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) in urine or blood

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2
Q

Obstetrician

A

Specialises in care of pregnant women and the developing fetus

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3
Q

Gynecologist

A

Specialises in care of female reproductive system

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4
Q

Stages of Pregnancy

A

1st Trimester (Months 1-3): Initial development and rapid growth

2nd Trimester (Months 4-6): Continual fetus formation and development

3rd Trimester (Months 7-9): Growth

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5
Q

Stages of Pregnancy: 1st Trimester

A

(Months 1-3) Initial Development and Rapid Growth

  • Organogenesis (heartbeat, 2-lobed brain, spinal cord
  • Arms and legs with fingers, ears, toes
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6
Q

Stages of Pregnancy: 2nd Trimester

A

(Months 4-6) Continuation of Fetus Formation:

  • Nails, eyebrows, eyelashes present
  • Fetal movement felt by mothers
  • Teeth, lips and possibly head hair
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7
Q

Stages of Pregnancy: 3rd Trimester

A

(Months 7-9) Growth:

  • Eyes usually gray
  • Fetus growth slows and moves into a head-down position
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8
Q

Maternal Adaptations to Pregnancy: Anatomical Changes

A
  • Reproductive organs engorged with blood (Chadwick’s sign, areolae darken)
  • Uterus expands
  • Lordosis occurs with change in central grav.
  • Relaxin hormone released = causes pelvic ligaments and pubic symphysis to relax
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9
Q

Maternal Adaptations to Pregnancy: Metabolic Changes

A
  • Human placental lactogen (hPL) released which stimulates maturation of breasts, fetal growth, and glucose sparing in mother
  • Parathyroid hormone and Vitamin D levels remain high during pregnancy to ensure calcium for fetal bone mineralization
  • Increased appetite and energy requirements
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10
Q

Maternal Adaptations to Pregnancy: Physiological Changes

A
  • Morning sickness
  • Increased urine production due to increased maternal metabolism and fetal wastes
  • Frequent, urgent urination and incontinence as bladder is compressed
  • Estrogens may cause nasal edema
  • Blood volume rises to safeguard against blood loss during childbirth
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11
Q

Purposes of Hormones in Pregnancy

A
  1. Maintain pregnancy
  2. Prepare for delivery
  3. Prepare for breastfeeding
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12
Q

3 Vascular Shunts

A
  1. Ductus Venosus: Umbilical vein drains into ductus venosus which empties into inferior vena cava (bypasses liver)
  2. Foramen Ovale: opening in interatrial septum bypasses pulmonary circulation
  3. Ductus Arteriosus: Pulmonary trunk drains into ductus arteriosus which drains into aorta (bypasses pulmonary circulation)
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13
Q

Fetal Circulation

A
  1. Oxygenated blood from umbilical vein
  2. Ductus venosus bypasses liver and delivers to inferior vena cava
  3. Oxygenated blood enters right atrium
  4. Foramen ovale allows passage from right atrium to left ventricle
  5. Ductus arteriosus connects aorta to pulmonary artery to bypass lungs
  6. Blood flows into left ventricle and pumped into aorta and into the body
  7. Some moves to umbilical arteries and re-enters the placenta (metabolic wastes)
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14
Q

Post-Birth Circulation

A

When infant breathes for first time:

  • Decrease in pulmonary vasculature resistance
  • Pressure equalises between atriums
  • Results in closure of foramen ovale, ductus venosus and ductus arteriosus
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15
Q

Placental Hormones

A

Steroid hormones: Estrogens and Progesterone

Peptide Hormones: Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), Human placental lactogen (hPL) and others

Prostaglandins

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16
Q

Placental Hormones: hCG

A

Maintains corpus luteum

17
Q

Placental Hormones: Progesterone

A

Maintains uterine lining, inhibits uterine contraction

18
Q

Placental Hormones: Estrogen

A

Maintains uterine lining, stimulates mammary glands

19
Q

Placental Hormones: hPL

A

Stimulates mammary glands, supplies energy to fetus

20
Q

Placental Hormones: Parathyroid Hormone related-protein (rp)

A

Increases blood calcium

21
Q

Placental Hormones: Relaxin

A

Softens cervix and weakens pubic symphysis

22
Q

Placental Hormones: Corticotropin Releasing-hormone

A

Increases heart rate, blood pressure, blood glucose, and stimulates partuition

23
Q

Twin Pregnancies

A

Frequency ~3:100

24
Q

Monozygotic Twins

A

Identical Twins

  • Develop from a single zygote
  • Have same chromosomes and will always be same sex
25
Q

Dizygotic Twins

A

Fraternal Twins

  • Develop from 2 fertilized ova
  • Have different chromosomes, can be same or opposite sex
  • Develop in seperate amniotic sacs and have seperate umbilical cords and placentas
26
Q

Ultrasound (Sonogram)

A

High frequency sound waves used to image the developing baby. Can detect:

  • sex, fetal heartbeat, anatomical abnormalities
  • estimate due date
  • check multiple pregnancies
27
Q

Amnioscentesis

A

Amniotic fluid surrounding fetus is removed using a fine needle inserted through abdomen and examined. Used to assess:

  • fetal cells and other substances in fluid
  • birth defects and diseases
  • sex
28
Q

Chorionic Villus Sampling Test (CVS Test)

A

Done during early pregnancy where biopsy is taken of the villi in the placenta

  • Trans-cervical procedure
  • Trans-abdominal procedure
29
Q

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

A

Abnormally raised blood sugar levels after hormones from placenta cause cells to become insulin resistant. Affects mother, not child

30
Q

Preeclampsia

A

Deterioration of placenta and insufficient placental blood supply which can leads to fetus being starved of oxygen. Marked by:

  • high blood pressure
  • failing kidneys
  • swelling in hands, feet, legs
  • protein in the urine
31
Q

Supplements during Pregnancy: Folate and Folic Acid

A

Proven to be particularly important for the development of the nervous system and for preventing neural tube defects

32
Q

Supplements during Pregnancy: Iron

A

Iron is critical for oxygen transport, healthy growth and development of the fetus and placenta.

33
Q

Supplements during Pregnancy: Vitamin D

A

Important for immune function, bone health and cell division

Reproductive Biology (16 decks)

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